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 Diet is a deeply ingrained element of a person's life. Children's dietary habits are a significant contributor to obesity and dental caries. Dental caries during childhood continues to be a significant public health concern, while childhood obesity is increasingly being cited as a major public health problem. This study aimed to assess the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in children aged three to 12 years who attended both government and private schools in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.  We conducted a cross-sectional review of 2200 children aged three to 12 years with clinically recorded dental caries. The World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for BMI percentile was used to evaluate and record dental caries clinically. The Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for univariate comparisons.  Mean values between the overweight category and underweight category revealed no significant differences.  We found no association between BMI-for-age and dental caries in children in both primary and mixed dentition. This relationship should be investigated further by longitudinal studies.

Lipoma is called the \"universal tumor\" or the \"ubiquitous tumor\" as it occurs anywhere in the body where fat is found. Intraosseous lipoma is a rare lesion that constitutes not more than 0.1% of bone tumors. There are only a few reported cases of intraosseous lipoma of the maxilla in the literature. The diagnosis of intraosseous lipoma of the maxilla may be a challenge, due to its rarity and clinical similarity with many other radiolucent lesions. Therefore, histopathological examination is mandatory. The radiolucent nature and mature adipose tissue admixed with the bony trabeculae confirms the diagnosis of intraosseous lipoma. Here, we report a case of intraosseous lipoma of the left maxillary tuberosity in a 52-year-old male patient.

Aim The current study assessed the case fatality rate (CFR) across different income level countries of the world, and the virulence pattern of COVID-19, against the backdrop of panic and uncertainty faced by many governments, who are trying to impose draconian containment measures to control the outbreak. Subjects and Methods: Data on confirmed cases and number of deaths due to coronavirus infection were retrieved from the WHO as on 30 March 2020, and examined for the various income level countries, per the World Bank criteria. The CFR was calculated country-wise and estimated for the various groups such as low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income, and the data was analyzed. Results The overall CFR for the high income countries was 5.0%, compared with a CFR of 2.8% for low-income countries. The upper-middle-income countries showed a CFR of 4.3%, while the lower-middle-income countries stood at 3.7%. The results from our study predict that the maximum CFR in high-income countries will be contained at approximately 5% (95% CI). The CFR for the low, lower-middle, and upper-middle-income countries will range between 2.8 and 4.3% (95% CI). Conclusion COVID-19, irrespective of its transmissibility, produces a lower CFR compared with that of SARS-Cov and MERS-Cov, although COVID-19 has infected eight times more countries than MERS-Cov and SARS-Cov, and caused a higher number of deaths. The nation-wide lockdown measures to prevent the spread of the virus may be reconsidered, given the hardships for the population and their impact on the economic system.

Objectives: This study aimed to review the experience with percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) at the National Heart Center (NHC) in Muscat, Oman. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from November 2008 to December 2017. Patients’ electronic medical records were reviewed to identify their clinical, imaging and interventional data before and after the procedure and on the last followup. Results: A total of 116 patients, the majority of which were female (58%), underwent 118 percutaneous procedures for VSD closure at a median age of 3.54 years (range: 0.25–33 years) and a median weight of 12 kg (range: 3.5–78 kg). The mean diameter of the VSDs as determined by transoesophageal echocardiogram was 5.6 ± 1.9 mm (n = 105). The commonest type of VSD was perimembranous (n = 75, 63.5%). Devices were successfully placed during 111 (94.1%) procedures in 109 (94.0%) patients, with the commonest device being a Amplatzer™ duct occluder I (St. Jude Medical, Little Canada, Minnesota, USA; n = 39, 35.1%). There was no mortality. Early major cardiac complications occurred in six patients (5.5%) with device embolisation being the commonest (n = 4, 3.7%). The median follow-up period was 19 months (range: 1–84 months) in 89 (81.7%) of the patients. One patient (0.9%) required a permanent pacemaker for a complete heart block. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a good rate of VSD closure with low morbidity and no mortality using the percutaneous approach with different devices. Long-term follow-up is needed to specifically evaluate the function of adjacent structures and the long-term effects on conduction systems.

Background: One of the objectives of root canal preparation is to clean and shape the root canal system while maintaining the original configuration. Therefore, it is important to keep the instruments centered to provide a correct enlargement, without excessive weakening of the root structure. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare canal transportation and centering ability of K 3 (0.02% taper) and K 3 (0.04% taper) with stainless steel hand K files in primary teeth using a spiral computed tomography (SCT) scan. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 extracted mandibular primary second molars was collected. Canals were divided randomly into three groups of 25 teeth each. Group I: K 3 files (0.02% taper), Group II: K 3 (0.04% taper), and Group III: Stainless steel hand K files. Three regions from apical, mid-root, and coronal levels of the canal were recorded. All the teeth were scanned before and after instrumentation by using SCT. Results: K 3 (0.02% taper) showed less canal transportation and a better centering ratio than K 3 (0.04% taper) and stainless steel hand K files. Statistical Analysis: The mean values were compared between different study groups and the P-value was calculated by using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA. The Mann-Whitney U-test followed by the Bonferroni correction method was employed to identify the significant groups at the 5% level. Conclusion: K 3 (0.02% taper) shaped root canals without significant shaping errors when compared to K 3 (0.04% taper) and stainless steel hand K files in primary teeth.

Aim: There are many studies on the effect of preprocedural mouth rinses in adults, but there is a dearth of the literature on the effects of these mouth rinses in children. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available brands, one containing chlorhexidine 0.12% (Colgate Periogard) and the other containing cetylpyridinium chloride 0.05% (Johnson and Johnson's Reach) used as preprocedural mouth rinses in children. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 18 patients in the age group of 10-15 years. A crossover design was used with the random assignment of the first rinse tested and a wash out period of at least 1 week before the second rinse was used. The saliva samples were collected prerinse, 2 min, 30 min, and 60 min after rinsing with the solution. The samples were inoculated and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. After 48 h, the resultant bacterial colonies were counted. Results: Statistical analysis was done using Wilcoxon's signed rank test, ANOVA, and Newman-Keul's studentized range test. Periogard had the highest percentage reduction in both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms followed by Reach and the least effective was normal saline which was used as a control. Conclusions: Periogard is comparatively better as a preprocedural mouth rinse than Reach.

In patients with a right to left intracardiac shunt, air embolism results in an obligatory systemic embolization. Nonembolization of entrained air is described in a child with a single ventricle physiology who had earlier undergone bidirectional Glenn shunt construction and Damus-Kaye-Stansel anastomosis. The air entrainment was detected by intra-operative transesophageal echocardiography. The combined effect of a \"diving bell\" phenomenon and mild aortic valve regurgitation are suggested as the reasons for the confinement of air into the ventricle preventing catastrophic systemic embolization.

For patients whose orthodontic problems are so severe that neither growth modification nor camouflage offers a solution, surgery to realign the jaws or reposition dentoalveolar segments is the only possible treatment. Surgery is not a substitute for orthodontics in these patients. Instead, it must be properly coordinated with orthodontics and other dental treatments to achieve good overall results. Dramatic progress in recent years has made it possible for combined surgical orthodontic treatment to be carried out successfully for patients with a severe dentofacial problem of any type. This case report provides an overview of the current treatment methodology in managing a combination of asymmetrical mandibular prognathism and vertical maxillary excess.

VACTERL association is a non-random association of birth defects of unknown etiology derived from structures of embryonic mesoderm. The common cardiac defects seen with VACTERL association are ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot. We present a 2-year-old child with VACTERL association in whom we detected double-chambered left ventricle on transthoracic echocardiography.

Accessory mitral valve tissue is a rare congenital anomaly associated with congenital cardiac defects and is usually detected in the first decade of life. We describe the case of an 18-year old post-Senning asymptomatic patient who was found to have accessory mitral valve tissue on transthoracic echocardiography producing severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.