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This dissertation offers a new framework for understanding individual Japanese women artists’ work and the systems of gender oppression that characterized modern Japanese art. It does so by engaging with the visualization of Japanese women artists in the early twentieth century. In response to societal anxiety about the increase of women artists in the perceived male domain of the professional art world, women artists were pressured to conform to standards of normative femininity. Those standards, I argue, can be united under a single archetype, the “female artist,” which came to dominate the visual representation and social imagining of women artists. This study offers a nuanced investigation into the reciprocal relationship between women artists and the “female artist” by focusing on four establishment women painters: Kajiwara Hisako, Shima Seien, Yoshida Fujio, and Kametaka Fumiko. Chapter One establishes the ideological grounding that defined women artists by their gender and pressured them to perform hegemonic femininity, thereby creating the marginalized “female artist” archetype. Chapter Two explores the “female artist” as a visual type, established through photographic reproductions of women artists in women’s magazines and by a painted representation of the type by Kajiwara Hisako. The chapter evaluates the complex ways women artists participated in the construction of the visual type, arguing that women made micro-adjustments to the type that valorized women’s artistic skill even as they upheld oppressive gender ideals. Chapter Three details Shima Seien’s use of self-portraiture to protest the dehumanizing elements of the “female artist” archetype and assert an alternative vision of herself as an artist and individual. Chapter Four considers Yoshida Fujio’s embrace of the “female artist” as part of a journey towards personal and artistic self-determination. The Coda uses the case study of Kametaka Fumiko and the false attribution of her self-portrait, Hanare yuku kokoro, to her deceased husband, Watanabe Yohei, to reflect on how the “female artist” archetype continues to diminish women artists’ position within scholarship. The goal of this study is to make visible the diverse ways modern Japanese women artists negotiated systemic gender discrimination in an effort to recover a sense of their agency and individuality.

[...]he stopped, the message apparently sinking in.

[...]he stopped, the message apparently sinking in.

On the train, it was too dark and foggy to see outside, but Don Erdeljac knows the route well and pointed out landmarks as he tracked the blue dot on his phone to follow Train 30's progress as it went through a tunnel under Oakland, pulled through Panther Hollow, slid through a spot near the Riverton Bridge where the bike trail crosses the tracks, and snaked along the Mon, then the Yough.

Rebekah used the known history, the stories, the places near her home that date to Zaida's time, and her imagination, to tell the tale of a princess from the beautiful and sophisticated city of Seville who becomes the consort of a king from a cold, smelly city -- and finds herself regarded as an alien whore; her preference for running water, fresh air and clean rooms initially viewed with suspicion.

This volume marks a turning point in the study of Chinese economic history. It arose from a realization that the economic history of China--as opposed to the history of the Chinese economy--had yet to be written. Most histories of the Chinese economy, whether by Western or Chinese scholars, tend to view the economy in institutional or social terms. In contrast, the studies in this volume break new ground by systematically applying economic theory and methods to the study of China. While demonstrating to historians the advantages of an economic perspective, the contributors, comprising both historians and economists, offer important new insights concerning issues of long-standing interest to both disciplines.   Part One, on price behavior, presents for the first time preliminary analyses of the incomparably rich and important grain price data from the imperial archives in Beijing and Taibei during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). These studies reveal long-term trends in the Chinese economy since the seventeenth century and contain surprising discoveries about market integration, the agricultural economy, and demographic behavior in different regions of China.   The essays in Part Two, on market response, deal with different aspects of the economy of Republican China (1912-49), showing that markets for land, labor, and capital sometimes functioned as predicted by models of economic \"rationality\" but at other times behaved in ways that can be explained only by combining economic analysis with knowledge of political, regional, class, and gender differences. Based on new types of data, they suggest novel interpretations of the Chinese economic experience.   The resulting collection is interdisciplinary scholarship of a high order, which weaves together the analytic framework provided by economic theory and the rich texture of social phenomena gathered by accomplished historians.   This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1992. Many titles in the Voices Revived program are also newly available as ebooks, offered at a discounted price to support wider access to scholarly work.

A Pittsburgh Post-Gazette/ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel analysis of data from the largest U.S. metropolitan areas shows that people in poor neighborhoods are less healthy than their more affluent neighbors but more likely to live in areas with physician shortages and closed hospitals. UPMC shut down the Braddock facility in 2010 and protesters gathered in the street as the building was razed months later, tolling a bell for the 104-year-old institution. Since 1988, Milwaukee County has lost its public hospital and five city hospitals.

[...]he focuses on the volunteer calling out numbers and waits a beat after she calls number 27 before booming out, Bob Barker style, \"Number 27, come on down!\" Patton is a tall man with a broken-toothed smile; he uses his showman's voice to good effect in his annual gig as a Salvation Army bell ringer. A 2012 National Health Interview Survey found that nearly 80 percent of adults who visited emergency departments over a 12-month period said they did so because of a lack of access to other health care providers.

[...]despite the fact that the United States has a vast and sophisticated system of health care, the country is dotted with health deserts -- not just in isolated rural areas but in the midst of large cities served by prosperous health care giants. The challenge, said Steven Galen, president and CEO of the Primary Care Coalition of Montgomery County, Md., is \"how do you get the money out of the health care system and into the social service system?\" Around the country, a growing number of health care systems and local governments are beginning to work on that challenge.\\n

July 04--Two hundred thirty-seven years ago today, delegates to the Second Continental Congress did not sign the Declaration of Independence. The Aug. 2 journal of the Continental Congress indicates that \"The declaration of independence being engrossed and compared at the table was signed.\"