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"Thomas, Matthew"
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Epidemics on the move: Climate change and infectious disease
Much of the early research on climate change and infectious disease emphasized the potential for increases in disease risk under future climate scenarios, with range expansion or changes in seasonality anticipated to lead to net increases in transmission [1]. Jeremy Burdon and Jiasui Zhan also emphasize the need to improve mechanistic understanding of the influence of abiotic factors for plant pathogens, but highlight additionally how patterns might play out differently in simplified, managed (that is, agricultural) ecosystems compared to more complex natural systems [6]. [...]increasing understanding of how climate change can affect the dynamics and distribution of infectious disease has never been more relevant.
Journal Article
Evaluating culture : well-being, institutions and circumstance
\"From which evaluative foundation should we develop public policies designed to promote wellbeing among different cultural groups in different circumstances? This book seeks to advance an objective, universal theory of cultural evaluation grounded in a eudaemonic account of human wellbeing. The approach brings together a 'thick vague' conception of the good; a determinate, particularist conception of circumstance; an egalitarian moral philosophy with concessions to sufficientarianism, and a normative functionalist view of culture, to assess the value of cultural institutions to those that they affect. Engaging closely with needs and capabilities paradigms, the approach seeks to identify and explain cultural deficits in given circumstances. The applicability of the theory is illustrated through analysis of the effect of settler-indigenous relations on Aboriginal Australian people. This book is ideal for students and scholars of cultural theory and public policy\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Bloomsbury Handbook of Theory in Comparative and International Education
This handbook surveys the central theories in comparative and international education (CIE). Each chapter includes an overview of the theory including its history and development, references to examples where the theory has been applied in CIE research and practice, and suggestions for further reading. Written by leading scholars from the USA, the UK, China, Canada, Germany, Australia, Denmark, The Netherlands, Luxembourg and Sweden this is must-have reference work for those studying CIE. The handbook includes chapters on: Structuralism, Colonialism/Imperialism, Marxism, Modernization/Human Capital Theory, World System Theory, Post-Colonialism, Post-Modernism / Post-Structuralism, Post-Socialism/Post-communism/Post-authoritarianism, Feminism/Gender, Post-Foundationalism, Neo-Colonialism and Southern Turn Theory, Neo-liberalism, Neo-Institutionalism, Neo-Marxism, Neo-Realism, Policy Borrowing and Lending and Educational Transfer, Peace Theories, Human Rights, Critical Pedagogy, Transitologies, Actor Network Theory, Communication Theory, Social Network Theory, Capabilities Theory, Cultural Political Economy and Regime Theory.
eBook
We are not ourselves
An epic tale about an Irish American couple and the constraints of the American dream.
Book
Global threat to agriculture from invasive species
Invasive species present significant threats to global agriculture, although how the magnitude and distribution of the threats vary between countries and regions remains unclear. Here, we present an analysis of almost 1,300 known invasive insect pests and pathogens, calculating the total potential cost of these species invading each of 124 countries of the world, as well as determining which countries present the greatest threat to the rest of the world given their trading partners and incumbent pool of invasive species. We find that countries vary in terms of potential threat from invasive species and also their role as potential sources, with apparently similar countries sometimes varying markedly depending on specifics of agricultural commodities and trade patterns. Overall, the biggest agricultural producers (China and the United States) could experience the greatest absolute cost from further species invasions. However, developing countries, in particular, Sub-Saharan African countries, appear most vulnerable in relative terms. Furthermore, China and the United States represent the greatest potential sources of invasive species for the rest of the world. The analysis reveals considerable scope for ongoing redistribution of known invasive pests and highlights the need for international cooperation to slow their spread.
Journal Article
Quantifying the effects of temperature on mosquito and parasite traits that determine the transmission potential of human malaria
Malaria transmission is known to be strongly impacted by temperature. The current understanding of how temperature affects mosquito and parasite life history traits derives from a limited number of empirical studies. These studies, some dating back to the early part of last century, are often poorly controlled, have limited replication, explore a narrow range of temperatures, and use a mixture of parasite and mosquito species. Here, we use a single pairing of the Asian mosquito vector, An. stephensi and the human malaria parasite, P. falciparum to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the thermal performance curves of a range of mosquito and parasite traits relevant to transmission. We show that biting rate, adult mortality rate, parasite development rate, and vector competence are temperature sensitive. Importantly, we find qualitative and quantitative differences to the assumed temperature-dependent relationships. To explore the overall implications of temperature for transmission, we first use a standard model of relative vectorial capacity. This approach suggests a temperature optimum for transmission of 29°C, with minimum and maximum temperatures of 12°C and 38°C, respectively. However, the robustness of the vectorial capacity approach is challenged by the fact that the empirical data violate several of the model's simplifying assumptions. Accordingly, we present an alternative model of relative force of infection that better captures the observed biology of the vector-parasite interaction. This model suggests a temperature optimum for transmission of 26°C, with a minimum and maximum of 17°C and 35°C, respectively. The differences between the models lead to potentially divergent predictions for the potential impacts of current and future climate change on malaria transmission. The study provides a framework for more detailed, system-specific studies that are essential to develop an improved understanding on the effects of temperature on malaria transmission.
Journal Article
How to play video games
\"\"How to Play Video Games\" explores the phenomena of video games and its impact on modern society\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015
Exposure to ambient air pollution increases morbidity and mortality, and is a leading contributor to global disease burden. We explored spatial and temporal trends in mortality and burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution from 1990 to 2015 at global, regional, and country levels.
We estimated global population-weighted mean concentrations of particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5) and ozone at an approximate 11 km × 11 km resolution with satellite-based estimates, chemical transport models, and ground-level measurements. Using integrated exposure–response functions for each cause of death, we estimated the relative risk of mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and lower respiratory infections from epidemiological studies using non-linear exposure–response functions spanning the global range of exposure.
Ambient PM2·5 was the fifth-ranking mortality risk factor in 2015. Exposure to PM2·5 caused 4·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 million to 4·8 million) deaths and 103·1 million (90·8 million 115·1 million) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2015, representing 7·6% of total global deaths and 4·2% of global DALYs, 59% of these in east and south Asia. Deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 increased from 3·5 million (95% UI 3·0 million to 4·0 million) in 1990 to 4·2 million (3·7 million to 4·8 million) in 2015. Exposure to ozone caused an additional 254 000 (95% UI 97 000–422 000) deaths and a loss of 4·1 million (1·6 million to 6·8 million) DALYs from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2015.
Ambient air pollution contributed substantially to the global burden of disease in 2015, which increased over the past 25 years, due to population ageing, changes in non-communicable disease rates, and increasing air pollution in low-income and middle-income countries. Modest reductions in burden will occur in the most polluted countries unless PM2·5 values are decreased substantially, but there is potential for substantial health benefits from exposure reduction.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Health Effects Institute.
Journal Article