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"Thomas, Shelley Moore"
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Happy birthday, Good Knight
The Good Knight tries to help three little dragons make a birthday present for a very special friend.
Book
This book is not about dragons
\"Meet a mouse narrator who stubbornly insists that this book contains absolutely no dragons--not even a claw nor a flame nor any large, pointy scales. Readers will know better--and enjoy being in on the joke--as a flock of dragons chase the mouse to the very end of the book within the book\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: analysis of multisite, population-based surveillance
In 2000, seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in the USA and resulted in dramatic reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and moderate increases in non-PCV7 type IPD. In 2010, PCV13 replaced PCV7 in the US immunisation schedule. We aimed to assess the effect of use of PCV13 in children on IPD in children and adults in the USA.
We used laboratory-based and population-based data on incidence of IPD from the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program) in a time-series model to compare rates of IPD before and after the introduction of PCV13. Cases of IPD between July 1, 2004, and June 30, 2013, were classified as being caused by the PCV13 serotypes against which PCV7 has no effect (PCV13 minus PCV7). In a time-series model, we used an expected outcomes approach to compare the reported incidence of IPD to that which would have been expected if PCV13 had not replaced PCV7.
Compared with incidence expected among children younger than 5 years if PCV7 alone had been continued, incidence of IPD overall declined by 64% (95% interval estimate [95% IE] 59–68) and IPD caused by PCV13 minus PCV7 serotypes declined by 93% (91–94), by July, 2012, to June, 2013. Among adults, incidence of IPD overall also declined by 12–32% and IPD caused by PCV13 minus PCV7 type IPD declined by 58–72%, depending on age. We estimated that over 30 000 cases of IPD and 3000 deaths were averted in the first 3 years after the introduction of PCV13.
PCV13 reduced IPD across all age groups when used routinely in children in the USA. These findings provide reassurance that, similar to PCV7, PCVs with additional serotypes can also prevent transmission to unvaccinated populations.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Journal Article
From tree to sea
Illustrations and easy-to-read text reveal lessons that nature teaches, such as how, like the sun, one can bring warmth to others by smiling and shining even when things look dim.
BOOK
A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and members of their signaling pathway are important in the initiation of the innate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens
1
,
2
,
3
. The adaptor protein Mal (also known as TIRAP), encoded by
TIRAP
(MIM 606252), mediates downstream signaling of TLR2 and TLR4 (refs.
4
–
6
). We report a case-control study of 6,106 individuals from the UK, Vietnam and several African countries with invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. We genotyped 33 SNPs, including rs8177374, which encodes a leucine substitution at Ser180 of Mal. We found that heterozygous carriage of this variant associated independently with all four infectious diseases in the different study populations. Combining the study groups, we found substantial support for a protective effect of S180L heterozygosity against these infectious diseases (
N
= 6,106; overall
P
= 9.6 × 10
−8
). We found that the Mal S180L variant attenuated TLR2 signal transduction.
Journal Article
Geographic and Temporal Trends in Antimicrobial Nonsusceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Post-vaccine era in the United States
Background. We examined whether observed increases in antibiotic nonsusceptible nonvaccine serotypes after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States in 2000 were driven primarily by vaccine or antibiotic use. Methods. Using active surveillance data, we evaluated geographic and temporal differences in serotype distribution and within-serotype differences during 2000-2009. We compared nonsusceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin by geography after standardizing differences across time, place, and serotype by regressing standardized versus crude proportions. A regression slope (RS) approaching zero indicates greater importance of the standardizing factor. Results. Through 2000-2006, geographic differences in nonsusceptibility were better explained by within-serotype prevalence of nonsusceptibility (RS 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI], .08-.55 for penicillin) than by geographic differences in serotype distribution (RS 0.71, 95% CI, M-.97). From 2007-2009, serotype distribution differences became more important for penicillin (within-serotype RS 0.52, 95% CI, .11-. 93; serotype distribution RS 0.57, 95% CI, .14-1.0). Conclusions. Differential nonsusceptibility, within individual serotypes, accounts for most geographic variation in nonsusceptibility, suggesting selective pressure from antibiotic use, rather than differences in serotype distribution, mainly determines nonsusceptibility patterns. Recent trends suggest geographic differences in serotype distribution may be affecting the prevalence of nonsusceptibility, possibly due to decreases in the number of nonsusceptible serotypes.
Journal Article
Smooth trends in fermium charge radii and the impact of shell effects
The quantum-mechanical nuclear-shell structure determines the stability and limits of the existence of the heaviest nuclides with large proton numbers
Z
≳ 100 (refs.
1
–
3
). Shell effects also affect the sizes and shapes of atomic nuclei, as shown by laser spectroscopy studies in lighter nuclides
4
. However, experimental information on the charge radii and the nuclear moments of the heavy actinide elements, which link the heaviest naturally abundant nuclides with artificially produced superheavy elements, is sparse
5
. Here we present laser spectroscopy measurements along the fermium (
Z
= 100) isotopic chain and an extension of data in the nobelium isotopic chain (
Z
= 102) across a key region. Multiple production schemes and different advanced techniques were applied to determine the isotope shifts in atomic transitions, from which changes in the nuclear mean-square charge radii were extracted. A range of nuclear models based on energy density functionals reproduce well the observed smooth evolution of the nuclear size. Both the remarkable consistency of model prediction and the similarity of predictions for different isotopes suggest a transition to a regime in which shell effects have a diminished effect on the size compared with lighter nuclei.
Laser spectroscopy measurements of the fermium isotopic chain show a smooth trend in the nuclear size of heavy actinide elements, and diminishing shell effects on the size evolution compared with lighter nuclei.
Journal Article