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"Thompson, C. C"
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Microplastics in the seas
Concern is rising about widespread contamination of the marine environment by microplastics. Plastic debris in the marine environment is more than just an unsightly problem. Images of beach litter and large floating debris may first come to mind, but much recent concern about plastic pollution has focused on microplastic particles too small to be easily detected by eye (see the figure). Microplastics are likely the most numerically abundant items of plastic debris in the ocean today, and quantities will inevitably increase, in part because large, single plastic items ultimately degrade into millions of microplastic pieces. Microplastics are of environmental concern because their size (millimeters or smaller) renders them accessible to a wide range of organisms at least as small as zooplankton, with potential for physical and toxicological harm.
Journal Article
Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment: History and Future Challenges
The success of plastic as a material has shaped the development of modern society and challenged older materials in many of their established uses. However, plastic is now a major component of litter and is extensively reported within the marine environment. Impacts from plastic debris have been identified as a major global conservation issue with implications for maritime industries, tourism, marine life, and human health. Although there are many benefits of plastic, it is clear that society's relationship and reliance on plastics needs to be addressed. Conversely, alternative materials to replace plastic items, or solutions mitigating plastic release, also need to be critiqued to make sure their properties and environmental impacts are more beneficial. This review examines the history and impact of plastics in the marine environment. Current solutions that aim to mitigate plastics accumulation in the environment and the future challenges of plastic as a material are also discussed. Plastic has revolutionized modern society and challenged older materials in many of their established uses. However, plastic is now the largest component of litter and is widely reported within the environment. Society's relationship and reliance on many types of plastic needs to be addressed. This review discusses the history and impact of plastic as well as future challenges.
Journal Article
The ecological impacts of marine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived
Anthropogenic debris contaminates marine habitats globally, leading to several perceived ecological impacts. Here, we critically and systematically review the literature regarding impacts of debris from several scientific fields to understand the weight of evidence regarding the ecological impacts of marine debris. We quantified perceived and demonstrated impacts across several levels of biological organization that make up the ecosystem and found 366 perceived threats of debris across all levels. Two hundred and ninety‐six of these perceived threats were tested, 83% of which were demonstrated. The majority (82%) of demonstrated impacts were due to plastic, relative to other materials (e.g., metals, glass) and largely (89%) at suborganismal levels (e.g., molecular, cellular, tissue). The remaining impacts, demonstrated at higher levels of organization (i.e., death to individual organisms, changes in assemblages), were largely due to plastic marine debris (>1 mm; e.g., rope, straws, and fragments). Thus, we show evidence of ecological impacts from marine debris, but conclude that the quantity and quality of research requires improvement to allow the risk of ecological impacts of marine debris to be determined with precision. Still, our systematic review suggests that sufficient evidence exists for decision makers to begin to mitigate problematic plastic debris now, to avoid risk of irreversible harm.
Journal Article
Glow-in-the-dark constellations : a field guide for young stargazers
A beginning guide to the constellations, their legends, and their seasonal locations, with charts printed in ink that glows in the dark after being exposed to light.
Book
Poisson-Lie U-duality in exceptional field theory
A
bstract
Poisson-Lie duality provides an algebraic extension of conventional Abelian and non-Abelian target space dualities of string theory and has seen recent applications in constructing quantum group deformations of holography. Here we demonstrate a natural upgrading of Poisson-Lie to the context of M-theory using the tools of exceptional field theory. In particular, we propose how the underlying idea of a Drinfeld double can be generalised to an algebra we call an exceptional Drinfeld algebra. These admit a notion of “maximally isotropic subalgebras” and we show how to define a generalised Scherk-Schwarz truncation on the associated group manifold to such a subalgebra. This allows us to define a notion of Poisson-Lie U-duality. Moreover, the closure conditions of the exceptional Drinfeld algebra define natural analogues of the cocycle and co-Jacobi conditions arising in Drinfeld double. We show that upon making a further coboundary restriction to the cocycle that an M-theoretic extension of Yang-Baxter deformations arise. We remark on the application of this construction as a solution-generating technique within supergravity.
Journal Article
Cybersecurity incident response : how to contain, eradicate, and recover from incidents
Create, maintain, and manage a continual cybersecurity incident response program using the practical steps presented in this book. Don't allow your cybersecurity incident responses (IR) to fall short of the mark due to lack of planning, preparation, leadership, and management support. Surviving an incident, or a breach, requires the best response possible. This book provides practical guidance for the containment, eradication, and recovery from cybersecurity events and incidents. The book takes the approach that incident response should be a continual program. Leaders must understand the organizational environment, the strengths and weaknesses of the program and team, and how to strategically respond. Successful behaviors and actions required for each phase of incident response are explored in the book. Straight from NIST 800-61, these actions include: Planning and practicing ; Detection ; Containment ; Eradication ; Post-incident actions. What you'll learn: Know the sub-categories of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework ; Understand the components of incident response ; Go beyond the incident response plan ; Turn the plan into a program that needs vision, leadership, and culture to make it successful ; Be effective in your role on the incident response team.
Book
There’s plenty of room at the Top
The doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 2 years, a seemly inevitable trend that has been called Moore's law, has contributed immensely to improvements in computer performance. However, silicon-based transistors cannot get much smaller than they are today, and other approaches should be explored to keep performance growing. Leiserson et al. review recent examples and argue that the most promising place to look is at the top of the computing stack, where improvements in software, algorithms, and hardware architecture can bring the much-needed boost. Science , this issue p. eaam9744 The miniaturization of semiconductor transistors has driven the growth in computer performance for more than 50 years. As miniaturization approaches its limits, bringing an end to Moore’s law, performance gains will need to come from software, algorithms, and hardware. We refer to these technologies as the “Top” of the computing stack to distinguish them from the traditional technologies at the “Bottom”: semiconductor physics and silicon-fabrication technology. In the post-Moore era, the Top will provide substantial performance gains, but these gains will be opportunistic, uneven, and sporadic, and they will suffer from the law of diminishing returns. Big system components offer a promising context for tackling the challenges of working at the Top.
Journal Article