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"Thompson, Gregory"
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A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone
Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation development in complex ways due to myriad feedbacks at a variety of scales from individual clouds through entire storm systems. This paper describes the implementation, testing, and results of a newly modified bulk microphysical parameterization with explicit cloud droplet nucleation and ice activation by aerosols. Idealized tests and a high-resolution, convection-permitting, continental-scale, 72-h simulation with five sensitivity experiments showed that increased aerosol number concentration results in more numerous cloud droplets of overall smaller size and delays precipitation development. Furthermore, the smaller droplet sizes cause the expected increased cloud albedo effect and more subtle longwave radiation effects. Although increased aerosols generally hindered the warm-rain processes, regions of mixed-phase clouds were impacted in slightly unexpected ways with more precipitation falling north of a synoptic-scale warm front. Aerosol impacts to regions of light precipitation, less than approximately 2.5 mm h−1, were far greater than impacts to regions with higher precipitation rates. Comparisons of model forecasts with five different aerosol states versus surface precipitation measurements revealed that even a large-scale storm system with nearly a thousand observing locations did not indicate which experiment produced a more correct final forecast, indicating a need for far longer-duration simulations due to the magnitude of both model forecast error and observational uncertainty. Last, since aerosols affect cloud and precipitation phase and amount, there are resulting implications to a variety of end-user applications such as surface sensible weather and aircraft icing.
Journal Article
The changing landscape of Spanish language curricula : designing higher education programs for diverse students
As Spanish language study grows, the field seems to be in the midst of a curricular identity crisis. During this growth, Spanish has become a second, rather than a foreign, language in the US. This leads to unique opportunities and challenges for curriculum and syllabus design, materials development, individual and program assessment, and classroom pedagogy. In their book, Brown and Thompson try to address the challenges with each of these topics and propose ideas for development and further study. This book will provide a must-read in-depth analysis of the state of Spanish postsecondary education by presenting unique data that reflect the growth and change of Spanish programs in the US, and by critically reflecting on what issues may ensue and how to deal with them. They worked with data from the College Board and ETS, and conducted their own survey of almost 700 Spanish language educators and present it here. Connecting social, linguistic, and pedagogical trends in contemporary Spanish language education to programmatic and curricular innovation at the postsecondary level is the driving force behind this book. Among the topics they will address are: Heritage learners, service learning, Spanish for specific purposes, assessment, Spanish-speaking community context, teacher training, online and hybrid teaching, and the idea of national standards.
Book
Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in care and aneurysm treatment strategies. Cerebral vasospasm continues to be a major source of clinical worsening in patients. We intended to review the clinical and experimental aspects of aSAH and identify strategies that are being evaluated for the treatment of vasospasm. A literature review on aSAH and cerebral vasospasm was performed. Available treatments for aSAH continue to expand as research continues to identify new therapeutic targets. Oral nimodipine is the primary medication used in practice given its neuroprotective properties. Transluminal balloon angioplasty is widely utilized in patients with symptomatic vasospasm and ischemia. Prophylactic “triple‐H” therapy, clazosentan, and intraarterial papaverine have fallen out of practice. Trials have not shown strong evidence supporting magnesium or statins. Other calcium channel blockers, milrinone, tirilazad, fasudil, cilostazol, albumin, eicosapentaenoic acid, erythropoietin, corticosteroids, minocycline, deferoxamine, intrathecal thrombolytics, need to be further investigated. Many of the current experimental drugs may have significant roles in the treatment algorithm, and further clinical trials are needed. There is growing evidence supporting that early brain injury in aSAH may lead to significant morbidity and mortality, and this needs to be explored further.
Journal Article
Equity in teaching academic language-an interdisciplinary approach
Some argue that supporting minoritized students' \"academic language\" (AL) development fosters equity in education. Others contend that AL is hegemonic, and that attempts to teach it perpetuate inequities across racial, ethnic, social class, immigrant, and related sociocultural and linguistic student differences. In this article, we frame the topic of this special issue-interdisciplinary approaches to equity in teaching AL-and show how authors across positions and analytic methods examine the goals of teaching AL and recommend ways for educators to foster meaningful language awareness for students. Although substantive, unresolved disagreements between positions remain; we identify points of agreement as well, which we present to educators as interdisciplinary principles of equity in teaching. Namely, educators should 1) understand how language is more than just vocabulary; 2) recognize academic features in students' everyday talk; 3) develop awareness of language and its contexts of use with students, and 4) foster critical language awareness.
Journal Article
Grain Boundary Specific Segregation in Nanocrystalline Fe(Cr)
A cross-correlative precession electron diffraction – atom probe tomography investigation of Cr segregation in a Fe(Cr) nanocrystalline alloy was undertaken. Solute segregation was found to be dependent on grain boundary type. The results of which were compared to a hybrid Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation that predicted the segregation for special character, low angle, and high angle grain boundaries, as well as the angle of inclination of the grain boundary. It was found that the highest segregation concentration was for the high angle grain boundaries and is explained in terms of clustering driven by the onset of phase separation. For special character boundaries, the highest Gibbsain interfacial excess was predicted at the incoherent ∑3 followed by ∑9 and ∑11 boundaries with negligible segregation to the twin and ∑5 boundaries. In addition, the low angle grain boundaries predicted negligible segregation. All of these trends matched well with the experiment. This solute-boundary segregation dependency for the special character grain boundaries is explained in terms of excess volume and the energetic distribution of the solute in the boundary.
Journal Article
Understanding dislocation slip in stoichiometric rocksalt transition metal carbides and nitrides
The slip systems for B1 MX compounds (M=Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta and X=C, N) have been studied extensively both experimentally and computationally as they influence the materials mechanical behavior at both high and low temperatures. Despite many investigations, the differences in observed slip systems, either
{
111
}
or
{
110
}
, in these materials remain an open question. In this paper, the factors that may determine the slip preference of these compounds have been studied based on the results from first principle calculations. The generalized stacking fault surfaces for all of the materials were computed and used to provide a more comprehensive understanding of slip plane choices. Through analysis of this data, it is found that among different indicators of slip, the normalized splitting width and the intrinsic stacking fault energy are the most useful indicators of the choice of slip planes in these materials. In addition, these indicators of slip are controlled by the structural energy differences between the B1 and tungsten carbides structures, which are correlated well with the number of valence electrons.
Journal Article
Insights into the anomalous hardness of the tantalum carbides from dislocation mobility
The tantalum carbides, TaC
x
, have been repeatedly shown to harden dramatically with some loss of carbon content, then soften with further decarburization. First observed in 1963, this anomalous hardness behavior has been reproduced for decades without satisfactory explanation. Prior attempts to characterize this phenomenon using elastic stiffnesses have failed to reproduce the anomalous hardness behavior. In this work, we demonstrate a change in slip system preference from {111}
B1
to {110}
B1
in TaC
x
as
x
decreases, while no such transition is observed in TiC
x
. We find this to be the primary mechanism of the anomalous hardness, arising from reduced energetic favorability of dissociation of dislocations on {111}
B1
into Shockley partials at lower carbon contents. We also present experimental hardness measurements for bulk and thin-film TaC
x
at different carbon contents. An anomalous hardness peak is observed in the bulk samples, but not in the thin films, due to loss of dislocation plasticity in the nanocrystalline films.
Using a combined computational-experimental approach, the authors determine that the long-observed anomalous hardness of the tantalum carbides can be attributed to a loss of dislocation plasticity on {111} planes at lower carbon contents.
Journal Article
Cultural Differences in Patients’ Preferences for Paternalism: Comparing Mexican and American Patients’ Preferences for and Experiences with Physician Paternalism and Patient Autonomy
Following up on previous research demonstrating the high level of care realized by a paternalistic Mexican physician, the present research further explored the hypothesis that there are cultural differences in preferences for and experiences with physician paternalism vs. patient autonomy in White American culture as compared with Mexican culture. In this research, we interviewed sixty (60) people including twenty (20) Mexican, twenty (20) Mexican American, and twenty (20) White American respondents. We asked these patients about their experiences with and attitudes towards paternalism and patient autonomy in healthcare interactions. With some caveats, our data showed strong support for both hypotheses while also suggesting a high level of care can be realized by paternalistic physicians when “paternalism” is understood in a cultural context. We close with a brief consideration of the implications of these findings.
Journal Article
Frontal Sinus Breach During Routine Frontal Craniotomy Significantly Increases Risk of Surgical Site Infection: 10-Year Retrospective Analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Frontotemporal craniotomies are commonly performed for a variety of neurosurgical pathologies. Infections related to craniotomies cause significant morbidity. We hypothesized that the risk of cranial surgical site infections (SSIs) may be increased in patients whose frontal sinuses are breached during craniotomy.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of cranial SSIs in patients undergoing frontotemporal craniotomies with and without frontal sinus breach (FSB).
METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing frontotemporal craniotomies for the management of cerebral aneurysms from 2005 to 2014. This study included 862 patients undergoing 910 craniotomies. Primary outcome of interest was occurrence of a cranial SSI. Standard statistical methods were utilized to explore associations between a variety of variables including FSB, cranial SSI, and infections requiring reoperation.
RESULTS: Of the 910 craniotomies, 141 (15.5%) involved FSB. Of those involving FSB, 22 (15.6%) developed a cranial SSI, compared to only 56 of the 769 without FSB (7.3%; P = .001). Cranial SSI requiring reoperation was much more likely in patients with FSB compared to those without a breach (7.8% vs 1.6%; P < .001). In those presenting with cranial SSIs, epidural abscess formation was more common with FSB compared to no FSB (27.3% vs 5.4%; P = .006). In multivariate analysis, breach of the frontal sinus was significantly associated with cranial SSI (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.24-3.78; P = .01) and reoperation (OR 4.20; 95% CI 1.66-10.65; P = .003).
CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing frontotemporal craniotomies are at significantly greater risk of serious cranial SSIs if the frontal sinus has been breached.
Journal Article