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"Thompson, William R."
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The bone–muscle connection in breast cancer: implications and therapeutic strategies to preserve musculoskeletal health
Breast cancer and its therapies frequently result in significant musculoskeletal morbidity. Skeletal complications include bone metastases, pain, bone loss, osteoporosis, and fracture. In addition, muscle loss or weakness occurring in both the metastatic and curative setting is becoming increasingly recognized as systemic complications of disease and treatment, impacting quality of life, responsiveness to therapy, and survival. While the anatomical relationship between bone and muscle is well established, emerging research has led to new insights into the biochemical and molecular crosstalk between the skeletal and muscular systems. Here, we review the importance of both skeletal and muscular health in breast cancer, the significance of crosstalk between bone and muscle, and the influence of mechanical signals on this relationship. Therapeutic exploitation of signaling between bone and muscle has great potential to prevent the full spectrum of musculoskeletal complications across the continuum of breast cancer.
Journal Article
Ascending India and its state capacity : extraction, violence, and legitimacy
India's ascent as a formidable power on the world stage and its geopolitical ramifications have received much attention in recent years. This comprehensive study by Sumit Ganguly and William Thompson, two highly distinguished scholars of political science and international relations, delves into the intricate inner workings of this great Asian nation to reveal an Indian state struggling to maintain national security, domestic order, and steady fiscal growth despite weaknesses in its economic and political institutions. The authors' sobering account questions India's perceived strengths and domestic and foreign policy initiatives, while focusing on the South Asian giant's infrastructural and economic growth problems, opposition to reform, and other important hurdles the nation has faced and will continue to face over the coming decade and beyond.-- Provided by Publisher.
Book
Balancing on Land and at Sea : Do States Ally against the Leading Global Power?
Scholars often interpret balance of power theory to imply that great powers almost always balance against the leading power in the system, and they conclude that the absence of a counterbalancing coalition against the historically unprecedented power of the United States after the end of the Cold War is a puzzle for balance of power theory. They are wrong on both counts. Balance of power theory is not universally applicable. Its core propositions about balancing strategies and the absence of sustained hegemonies apply to the European system and perhaps to some other autonomous continental systems but not to the global maritime system. Sea powers are more interested in access to markets than in territorial aggrandizement against other great powers. Consequently, patterns of coalition formation have been different in the European system and in the global maritime system during the last five centuries. An empirical analysis demonstrates that counterhegemonic balancing is frequent in Europe but much less frequent in the global system. Higher concentrations of power in the global system lead to fewer and smaller rather than more frequent and larger balancing coalitions, as well as to more frequent and larger alliances with the leading sea power than against it.
Journal Article
Prrx1-driven LINC complex disruption in vivo reduces osteoid deposition but not bone quality after voluntary wheel running
The Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex serves to connect the nuclear envelope and the cytoskeleton, influencing cellular processes such as nuclear arrangement, architecture, and mechanotransduction. The role LINC plays in mechanotransduction pathways in bone progenitor cells has been well studied; however, the mechanisms by which LINC complexes govern in vivo bone formation remain less clear. To bridge this knowledge gap, we established a murine model disrupting LINC using transgenic Prx-Cre mice and floxed Tg(CAG-LacZ/EGFP-KASH2) mice. Prx-Cre mice express the Cre recombinase enzyme controlled by the paired-related homeobox gene-1 promoter ( Prrx1 ), a pivotal regulator of skeletal development. Prx-Cre animals have been widely used in the bone field to target bone progenitor cells. Tg(CAG-LacZ/EGFP-KASH2) mice carry a lox-stop-lox flanked LacZ gene allowing for the overexpression of an EGFP-KASH2 fusion protein via cre recombinase mediated deletion of the LacZ cassette. This disrupts endogenous Nesprin-Sun binding in a dominant negative manner disconnecting nesprin from the nuclear envelope. By combining these lines, we generated a Prrx1(+) cell-specific LINC disruption model to study its impact on the developing skeleton and subsequently exercise-induced bone accrual. The findings presented here indicate Prx-driven LINC disruption (PDLD) cells exhibit no change in osteogenic and adipogenic potential compared to controls in vitro nor are there bone quality changes when compared to in sedentary animals at 8 weeks. While PDLD animals displayed increased voluntary running activity andPrrx1(+) cell-specific LINC disruption abolished the exercise-induced increases in osteoid volume and surface after a 6-week exercise intervention, no other changes in bone microarchitecture or mechanical properties were found.
Journal Article
Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa : 15,000 years of crises, setbacks, and adaptation
\"Environmental factors in the Middle East and North Africa have played a crucial role in the historical and social development of the region. The book delves into a broad set of historical literature from the past 15,000 years that neglected to consider environmental factors to their full effect. Beyond the broad historic analysis, the chapters derive conclusions for today's debate on whether climate change leads to more social conflict and violence. Introducing a theoretical framework focused on adaptive cycling, this book probes and refines the role of climate in ancient and modern political-economic systems in the MENA region. It also underscores just how bad the 21st century environment may become thanks to global warming. While the MENA region may not survive the latest onslaught of deteriorating climate, there is also some interest in how a region that once led the world in introducing all sorts of innovations thousands of years ago has evolved into a contemporary setting characterized by traditional conservatism, poverty, and incessant strife. Emphasizing regional dynamics, the central question deals with the role of climate change in the rise and decline of the MENA region. The book will be a key resource to students and readers interested in global warming including academics and policy makers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Low intensity vibration with zoledronate reduces musculoskeletal weakness and adiposity in estrogen deprived female mice
Aromatase inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but their suppression of estrogen production accelerates bone loss, increases fracture risk, and negatively impacts muscle and fat metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that daily low intensity vibration, serving as a non-drug mimetic for exercise, protects musculoskeletal health in skeletally immature, female mice under complete estrogen deprivation. Subsequent improvements in vertebral bone density are paralleled by greater and leaner skeletal muscle mass and function alongside reduced fat accretion and circulating metabolites. In mature, estrogen deprived mice, vibration enhances weekly bisphosphonate treatment, improving bone density, cortical thickness, and mechanical resistance to fracture. These findings support the proposed hypothesis that low intensity vibration reduces musculoskeletal frailty in estrogen deprived mice, with stronger effects observed in younger cohorts, while in skeletally mature mice combination therapy with anti-resorptive treatment is necessary to suppress cancer-treatment induced musculoskeletal degradation.
In young, estrogen-deprived female mice, the authors show that daily low-intensity vibration protected bone, muscle and fat metabolism. This treatment also enhanced bisphosphonate outcomes, strengthening the skeleton to counter adverse effects of cancer therapy on musculoskeletal tissue.
Journal Article
Shocks and rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa
\"This is the first book to analyze the dynamics of interstate rivalries in the international relations of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and how they have changed dramatically in recent decades. The authors explore rivalry origins, persistence, escalation, and termination. They also analyze how shock events, such as internal revolts or regional wars, can change the trajectory of rivalries, including to begin or end them. The rivalries in the book, including both contemporary and twentieth-century rivalries, are Israel-Iran, Iran-Saudi Arabia, Iran-Turkey, Iran-Iraq-Syria, Egypt-Saudi Arabia, and Algeria-Morocco. Other chapters provide analysis across rivalries and over time. This book will address an understudied phenomenon in the international relations of the Middle East and is part of a larger trend in the discipline to study rivalries and particular regional dynamics. The book will appeal to scholars of international relations and Middle East Studies and will be a supplemental textbook for graduate and upper-level undergraduate classes\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Skeletal effects of eccentric strengthening exercise: a scoping review
Background
Conventional progressive concentric strengthening exercise (CSE) to improve bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) may not be feasible for populations with chronic musculoskeletal and/or metabolic conditions, such as osteoporosis or obesity. Muscle lengthening exercise, also known as an eccentric strengthening exercise (ESE), may have a special utility for those populations due to greater force generation versus CSE. In fact, greater mechanical loading can be induced on bone at lower resistance levels with ESE. However, effects of ESE on BMD and BMC are unclear. Thus, the purpose of this review was to interrogate the effects of ESE on BMD and BMC.
Methods
A literature review was conducted between January 1995 and April 2022 focusing on randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of ESE on BMD and/or BMC in humans. Terms covering the domains of exercise, bone, and populations were searched on PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The methodological quality of each interventional study was rated using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Cohen’s
d
was calculated to determine the magnitude of the effects of ERE on site-specific outcome measures of BMD and/or BMC.
Results
Out of 1,182 articles initially found, a total of seven full length articles met our inclusion criteria. Of the seven studies, most of the interventions were performed in young (
n
= 5, PEDro = 5–7) versus middle-aged (
n
= 1, PEDro = 4) or older (
n
= 1, PEDro = 6) adults. BMD and BMC generally improved due to ESE; however the effects of ESE on BMD and BMC were non-homogenous. Effect size (
d
) ranged from 0.10–0.87 in young adults while it was 1.16 in older adults. Effect size (
d)
could not be calculated for the middle-aged adult study due to critical methodological limitations of the intervention.
Conclusions
Large variability exists for the effectiveness of ESE on BMD/BMC across the human life spectrum. The benefits of ESE on BMD holds promise but rigorous studies are lacking. Further research is needed to examine if the dose, mode, age, and sex-specificity dictate effects of ESE on BMD/BMC.
Journal Article