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Peatlands encode information about past vegetation dynamics, climate, and microbial processes. Here, we used δ15N and δ13C patterns from 16 peat profiles to deduce how the biogeochemistry of the Marcell S1 forested bog in northern Minnesota responded to environmental and vegetation change over the past  ∼  10 000 years. In multiple regression analyses, δ15N and δ13C correlated strongly with depth, plot location, C ∕ N,  %N, and each other. Correlations with  %N,  %C, C ∕ N, and the other isotope accounted for 80 % of variance for δ15N and 38 % of variance for δ13C, reflecting N and C losses. In contrast, correlations with depth and topography (hummock or hollow) reflected peatland successional history and climate. Higher δ15N in plots closer to uplands may reflect upland-derived DON inputs and accompanying shifts in N dynamics in the lagg drainage area surrounding the bog. The Suess effect (declining δ13CO2 since the Industrial Revolution) lowered δ13C in recent surficial samples. High δ15N from −35 to −55 cm probably indicated the depth of ectomycorrhizal activity after tree colonization of the peatland over the last 400 years, as confirmed by the occasional presence of wood down to −35 cm depth. High δ13C at  ∼  4000 years BP (−65 to −105 cm) could reflect a transition at that time to slower rates of peat accumulation, when 13C discrimination during peat decomposition may increase in importance. Low δ13C and high δ15N at −213 and −225 cm ( ∼  8500 years BP) corresponded to a warm period during a sedge-dominated rich fen stage. The above processes appear to be the primary drivers of the observed isotopic patterns, whereas there was no clear evidence for methane dynamics influencing δ13C patterns.

Thorp outlines an effective overall estate planning process; identifies critical questions; and provides the attorney with a practical introductory overview of disability planning, its special documents, and its special language.

A particularly elusive puzzle concerning the hippocampus is how the structural differences along its long, anteroposterior axis might beget meaningful functional differences, particularly in terms of the granularity of information processing. One measure posits to quantify this granularity by calculating the average statistical independence of the BOLD signal across neighboring voxels, or inter-voxel similarity (IVS), and has shown the anterior hippocampus to process coarser-grained information than that in the posterior hippocampus. This model of the hippocampus, however, conflicts with a number of task-oriented findings, many of which have varied in their fMRI acquisition parameters and hippocampal parcellation methods. In order to reconcile these findings, we measured IVS across two separate resting-state fMRI acquisitions and compared the results across many of the most widely used parcellation methods in a large young-adult sample (Acquisition 1, N = 253; Acquisition 2, N = 183). Finding conflicting results across acquisitions and parcellations, we reasoned that a principled, data-driven approach to hippocampal parcellation is necessary. To this end, we implemented a group masked independent components analysis (mICA) to identify functional subunits of the hippocampus, most notably separating the anterior hippocampus into separate anterior-medial, anterior-lateral, and posteroanterior-lateral components. Measuring IVS across these components revealed a decrease in IVS along the medial-lateral axis of the anterior hippocampus but an increase from anterior to posterior. We conclude that representational granularity may not change linearly or unidirectionally across the hippocampus, and that moving the study of the hippocampus towards reproducibility requires grounding it in a functionally informed approach. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Adult black piranhas, Serrasalmus rhombeus, were radio-tracked using purpose built equipment in the 2.6 km long oxbow lake Coco Cocha, south east Peru during a five month period in the dry season of 1995. Fish were tagged externally in front of the dorsal fin. S. rhombeus showed generally localised movements in different sections of the lake with only one making use of its whole length during the tracking period. S. rhombeus in the shallower extreme sections of the lake were seen to make frequent trips into flooded forest. Speed plots and perceived activity plots revealed cyclic patterns of movement and activity synchronised with dawn. Those fish tracked at night were active until after dark and sometimes throughout the night into the early hours of the morning.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

In a placebo-controlled trial involving patients undergoing cesarean delivery, prophylactic use of tranexamic acid did not lead to a significantly lower risk of a composite outcome of maternal death or blood transfusion.