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Gentrification in the largest 50 US cities has more than doubled since the 1990s. The process of gentrification can bring about improved neighborhood conditions, reduced rates of crime, and property value increases. At the same time, it can equally foster negative conditions associated with poorer health outcomes, such as disrupted social networks from residential displacement and increases in stress. While neighborhood environment is consistently implicated in health outcomes research, gentrification is rarely conceptualized as a public health issue. Though research on gentrification is growing, empirical studies evaluating the health impacts of gentrification in the US are poorly understood. Here we systematically review US population-based empirical studies examining relationships between gentrification and health. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Academic Search Complete) were searched using a combination of terms to identify peer-reviewed studies published on or before July 9, 2018, reporting associations between gentrification and health. Study title and abstract screenings were followed by full-text review of all studies meeting the following inclusion criteria of: ≥ 1 quantitative measure of association for a health outcome, within the context of gentrification; peer-reviewed research; located in the US; and English language. Of 8937 studies identified, 6152 underwent title and abstract screening, and 50 studies underwent full-text screening, yielding six studies for review. Gentrification exposure measures and health outcomes examined varied widely. Most studies reported little to no overall association between gentrification and health outcomes; however, gentrification was repeatedly associated with undesirable health effects among Black and economically vulnerable residents. Despite seemingly overall null associations between gentrification and health, evidence suggests that gentrification may negatively impact the health of certain populations, particularly Black and low-income individuals. Complexities inherent in operationalizing gentrification point toward the need for validated measures. Additionally, understanding how gentrification-health associations differ across health endpoints, race/ethnicities, socioeconomic status, and life course can provide insight into whether this process contributes to urban inequality and health disparities. As gentrification occurs across the US, it is important to understand how this process impacts health. While aging cities reinvest in the revitalization of communities, empirical research examining relationships between gentrification and health can help inform policy decisions.

INTRODUCTION White matter hyperintensity volume (WMH), markers of cerebral small vessel disease, are disproportionately prevalent among Black/African American and Hispanic individuals. While cardiometabolic risk factors contribute to WMHs, their association across racial ethnic groups among females remains unclear. This study examines associations among cardiometabolic risk factors, blood pressure, and WMH volume in non‐Hispanic White (NHW), non‐Hispanic Black (NHB), and Hispanic females. METHODS Using the Health and Aging Brain Study Health Disparities (HABS‐HD) cross‐sectional visit 1 data (N = 2209), we assessed cardiometabolic risk factors and blood pressure measures in relation to WMH volume via multivariable linear regression models stratified by race/ethnicity. RESULTS Hypertension was associated with increased WMH volume in NHW females. Diabetes was a significant predictor in Hispanics. Systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were associated with WMH volume in NHB. DISCUSSION Findings highlight racial differences in cardiometabolic contributions to WMH burden, emphasizing the need for tailored prevention strategies in racially and ethnically diverse female populations. Highlights Overall, there was a main effect of hypertension; however, in stratified analyses hypertension was significantly was associated with greater white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden in non‐Hispanic White females. Non‐Hispanic Black females presented with a worse cardiometabolic profile, but this composite was not associated with WMH burden. There was a positive association with the risk composite in non‐Hispanic White and Hispanic females. Systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were associated with greater WMH in non‐Hispanic Black females, highlighting differential blood pressure contributions to WMH burden.

Background Disparities in neighborhood food environments in the United States, attributed to numerous complex economic, social, and political factors, likely to contribute to disparities in access to healthy food and cognitive function in older adults. However, the role of food environment in cognitive function is not well understood. Accordingly, this study examined the association of residing a low food access and low-income neighborhood with changes in cognitive function among older adults in urban areas. Methods This is a cohort study leveraging existing datasets. The 2010 Food Access Research Atlas data was linked to the 2011–2021 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). A total of 4768 urban-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older were included in this analysis. Total cognitive function (range: 0–33) was assessed through tests of orientation, executive function, immediate memory, and delayed memory. An unhealthy food environment was defined as residing in census tracts with both low access to healthy food stores and low income. Survey-weighted mixed-effects models were fitted, adjusting for individual- and area-level covariates. Results The mean age of participants was 77.1 years (SD = 7.6), and 2779 were women (weighted % = 56.7). A total of 1238 participants (weighted % = 9.9%) were racialized as Black, 365 (weighted % = 9.1%) racialized as Latinx, and 3165 (weighted % = 81.1%) racialized as White. In adjusted models, older urban- and community-dwelling adults living in neighborhoods with low access and low income had faster annual cognitive decline than their peers ( β  = − 0.19; 95% CI = − 0.32, − 0.05). Conclusions Living in neighborhoods with both low food access and low income may be a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline among urban-dwelling older adults and contribute to widening disparities in healthy food access and cognitive decline.

Objectives. We sought to determine the role of neighborhood poverty and racial composition on race disparities in diabetes prevalence. Methods. We used data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2000 US Census to estimate the impact of individual race and poverty and neighborhood racial composition and poverty concentration on the odds of having diabetes. Results. We found a race–poverty–place gradient for diabetes prevalence for Blacks and poor Whites. The odds of having diabetes were higher for Blacks than for Whites. Individual poverty increased the odds of having diabetes for both Whites and Blacks. Living in a poor neighborhood increased the odds of having diabetes for Blacks and poor Whites. Conclusions. To address race disparities in diabetes, policymakers should address problems created by concentrated poverty (e.g., lack of access to reasonably priced fruits and vegetables, recreational facilities, and health care services; high crime rates; and greater exposures to environmental toxins). Housing and development policies in urban areas should avoid creating high-poverty neighborhoods.

Black Americans are disproportionately burdened by Alzheimer's disease (AD) relative to other racial groups in the United States and continue to be underrepresented in AD clinical trials. This review explores the primary barriers for participation in clinical trials among Black Americans and provides literature-based recommendations to improve the inclusion of Black Americans in AD clinical trials. We searched electronic databases and gray literature for articles published in the United States through January 1, 2023, ultimately identifying 26 key articles for inclusion. Barriers to participation in clinical trials for Black Americans are rooted in social determinants of health, including access to quality education and information, access to health care, economic stability, built environment, and community context. Best practices to improve the inclusion of Black Americans in clinical trials require pharmaceutical companies to adopt a multifaceted approach, investing in innovative strategies for site selection, development of local partnerships, outreach, and education. While multisectoral action must occur to effectively address the disproportionate burden of AD on Black Americans, the pharmaceutical industry has an important part to play in this space due to their central role in product development and clinical trials.

Religious institutions have been responsive to the needs of Black men and other marginalized populations. Religious service attendance is a common practice that has been associated with stress management and extended longevity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between religious service attendance and all-cause mortality among Black men 50 years of age and older. Data for this study were from NHANES III (1988–1994). The analytic sample (n = 839) was restricted to participants at least 50 years of age at the time of interview who self-identified as Black and male. Mortality was the primary outcome for this study and the NHANES III Linked Mortality File was used to estimate race-specific, non-injury-related death rates using a probabilistic matching algorithm, linked to the National Death Index through December 31, 2015, providing up to 27 years follow-up. The primary independent variable was religious service attendance, a categorical variable indicating that participants attended religious services at least weekly, three or fewer times per month, or not at all. The mean age of participants was 63.6±0.3 years and 36.4% of sample members reported that they attended religious services one or more times per week, exceeding those attending three or fewer times per month (31.7%), or not at all (31.9%). Cox proportional hazard logistic regression models were estimated to determine the association between religious service attendance and mortality. Participants with the most frequent religious service attendance had a 47% reduction of all-cause mortality risk compared their peer who did not attend religious services at all (HR 0.53, CI 0.35–0.79) in the fully adjusted model including socioeconomic status, non-cardiovascular medical conditions, health behaviors, social support and allostatic load. Our findings underscore the potential salience of religiosity and spirituality for health in Black men, an understudied group where elevated risk factors are often present.

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) scores were associated with incident metabolic syndrome. This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Jackson Heart Study. HEI and AHEI scores were divided into quintiles and Cox proportional hazards regression models were analysed for 1864 African American adults free from metabolic syndrome at Exam 1 to examine the incidence of metabolic syndrome by quintile of dietary quality score. Hinds, Madison and Rankin counties, Mississippi, USA. African American adults, ages 21-94 years, 60·9 % female. Over a mean follow-up time of 6·7 years, we observed 932 incident cases of metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for multiple covariates, a higher HEI score at Exam 1 was not associated with the risk of incident metabolic syndrome, except when looking at the trend analysis for the subgroup of adults with two metabolic syndrome components at Exam 1 ( = 0·03). A higher AHEI score at Exam 1 was associated with the risk of incident metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio for those in the highest quintile compared to the lowest: 0·80 (95 % CI: 0·65, 0·99), = 0·03). These findings suggest that a dietary pattern that scores higher on the AHEI may help reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome, even for adults who already have two of the minimum of three components required for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Although gentrification is occurring at increasing rates across the United States, our understanding of what this means for public health is limited. While positive changes, such as increases in property values and reduced crime rates occur, negative consequences, such as residential displacement, also ensue. Individuals living through gentrification experience major changes in social and environmental conditions often in short periods of time, which can result in disrupted social networks and stress, both associated with decrements in health. As neighborhoods across the United States undergo revitalization, understanding health effects of gentrification, positive and negative, is paramount. We posit that gentrification may be beneficial in some aspects of health and detrimental in others. To address current challenges in the gentrificationhealth literature, we recommend future research: 1) examine the gentrification processes and stages; 2) integrate built, natural, and social environment metrics; and 3) assess mediating and moderating associations. As gentrification expands across the United States, research conducted in this area is poised for timely contributions to equitable development and urban planning policies.

Obesity prevalence in the United States has increased drastically in the last two decades. Racial differences in obesity have emerged with the increase in obesity, with temporal trends because of individual, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, eating behaviors, lack of exercise, etc., raising questions about understanding the mechanisms driving these racial differences in the prevalence of obesity among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) men. Although many studies have measured obesity using body mass index (BMI), little is known about waist circumference (WC). This study examines variations in obesity among NHW and NHB using BMI and WC. We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999–2016) with a sample of 9,000 NHW and 3,913 NHB men aged 20 years or older. To estimate the association between the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30) and race, we applied modified Poisson regression; to explore and decompose racial differences, we used Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition (OBD). We found that NHW had higher abdominal obesity (WC ≥102) than NHB, but NHB were more likely to be obese (BMI ≥30) during most years, with some fluctuations. Modified Poisson regression showed that NHB had a higher prevalence of obesity (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.04, 1.18]) but lower abdominal obesity (PR: 0.845; 95% CI = [0.801, 0.892]) than NHW. OBD showed that age, access to health care, smoking, and drinking contributed to the differences in abdominal obesity. The study identifies a significant increase in obesity among men over the last two decades; generalized obesity (based on BMI) was more problematic for NHB men, but abdominal obesity was more problematic for NHW men.

Importance: Depression is one of the leading causes of disability in the United States. Depression prevalence varies by income and sex, but more evidence is needed on the role income inequality may play in these associations. Objective: To examine the association between the Poverty to Income Ratio (PIR)—as a proxy for income—and depressive symptoms in adults ages 20 years and older, and to test how depression was concentrated among PIR. Design: Using the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we employed Negative Binomial Regression (NBRG) in a sample of 24,166 adults. We used a 9-item PHQ (Public Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) to measure the presence of depressive symptoms as an outcome variable. Additionally, we plotted a concentration curve to explain how depression is distributed among PIR. Results: In comparison with high-income, the low-income population in the study suffered more from greater than or equal to ten on the PHQ-9 by 4.5 and 3.5 times, respectively. The results of NBRG have shown that people with low-PIR (IRR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23–1.37) and medium-PIR (IRR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.46–1.65) have experienced a higher relative risk ratio of having depressive symptoms. Women have a higher IRR (IRR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.24–1.34) than men. We observed that depression was concentrated among low-PIR men and women, with a higher concentration among women. Conclusion and Relevance: Addressing depression should target low-income populations and populations with higher income inequality.