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The pressure drop characteristics of subcooled water were experimentally investigated in a circular cooling channel with and without a twisted tape (TT) under high heat fluxes, which was designed for the water-cooling structure of the divertor target in a tokamak device. The working medium was deionized water, and the main parameters were mass flux G = 3000–8000 kg·m−2·s−1, inlet pressure of the test section p = 3, 4.2, 5 MPa, equivalent one-side heating flux qe = 5~10 MW·m−2. The off-center circular channel is electrically heated to simulate the unilateral radiation heating on the divertor target by high-temperature plasma. The pressure drop experiment of vertical upward circular cooling channels under high and unilateral heat flux is carried out. The influences of the TT and system parameters such as qe, G, and p on the pressure drop of the test section (Δp) were discussed in detail. In the single-phase (SP) flow region, Δp is mainly affected by the TT, G, and qe. The pressure drop with a TT is significantly higher than that without a TT, a higher G and a lower qe lead to a greater Δp. In the subcooled boiling (SB) flow region, Δp is correlated with the TT, qe, G, and p: the influence of the TT and G decreases, while the influence of p increases. The higher the qe, the higher the G, and the lower the p, the larger the Δp. The results show that almost all of the SP pressure drop correlations for heated circular channels overestimate the experimental pressure drop coefficient ratio for a given viscosity ratio. According to the test results, a new correlation of SP pressure drop under high and unilateral heat fluxes has been proposed, the average error (AE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of which are 0.26% and 3.17%, respectively.

To study the pressure drop characteristics of hypervapotron, which was designed as a water-cooling structure in the divertor dome of the fusion reactor, the pressure drop tests of subcooled water were carried out in a vertically upward hypervapotron. To simulate the one-side radiant heating condition in the engineering application, the non-uniform heat fluxes were obtained by using the off-center electrically heating method. The system parameters were as follows: mass flux G = 2000–5000 kg·m−2·s−1, inlet pressure p = 2–4 MPa, and equivalent one-side radiating heat flux qe = 0–5 MW·m−2. The effects of the parameters on the pressure drop were discussed in detail. It was observed that in the single-phase (SP) region, the pressure drop was little influenced by the inlet fluid temperature (Tb,in). However, in the subcooled boiling region, the pressure drop increased rapidly with the increasing Tb,in. A higher G leads to a high pressure drop. In the SP region, the influence of p on the pressure drop is not obvious, and the pressure drop decreased with the increasing qe. The test data are used to evaluate the typical pressure drop correlation, and the results show that none of these correlations can predict the pressure drop well under the test conditions. Therefore, a new pressure drop correlation is proposed for subcooled water in a hypervapotron under high and non-uniform heat fluxes. The new correlation has a high prediction accuracy for the test data, and the mean relative error (MRE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are 0.72% and 4.33%, respectively. The test results have a reference value for the design of the water-cooling structure of the diverter.

A SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3-CaO-MgO-Na2O glass-based protective lubricant coating was developed for Ti-6Al-4V alloy forging, featuring a fully non-toxic formulation. The coating consisted of a composite glass matrix formed by blending two phases with distinct softening temperatures, extending its operational window to 700–950 °C. The composite glass showed initial softening at 700 °C and complete melting at 800 °C, with contact angle measurements confirming superior wettability (θ < 90°) across the forging range (800~950 °C). With an increase in temperature, the surface tension of the composite glass melt decreased, and subsequently, the wettability of the composite glass melt was significantly improved. XRD revealed that the uncoated Ti-6Al-4V formed a 22 μm thick rutile TiO2 scale with a porous structure and interfacial cracks, while the coated sample retained an amorphous glass layer with no TiO2. Cross-sectional SEM showed a crack-free, poreless interface with strong metallurgical bonding, in contrast to the uncoated sample’s spalled oxide layer. EDS showed minimal oxygen diffusion of the glass coating into the substrate. Ring upsetting tests showed that the coating reduced friction from 0.5–0.7 to 0.3 (50–57% decrease). Collectively, the glass protective lubricant coating showed good performance in terms of protection and lubrication.

The emissions of pollutants by waste-to-energy power plants, which contain more toxic substances owing to the complicated composition of municipal solid waste (MSW), such as NOx, SO2, HCl, HF, particulate matter, and heavy metals, has attracted increasing attention worldwide. To effectively control the pollutants, a flue gas cleaning system is indispensable in the operation of MSW incineration power plants. In this study, the flue gas cleaning system in a waste-to-energy power plant with flue gas recirculation (FGR) was evaluated. The concentrations of various pollutants were measured and compared with the standards at home and abroad. The results indicated that NOx emission can be effectively reduced by FGR, and that the emission concentration of NOx may meet the national emission standards only by adopting FGR. However, the emission levels of HCl and PM exceeded the limits in legislative standards; therefore, operation optimization or retrofit of a deacidification system and bag filter were proposed to comply with the international standards and near-zero-emissions goal.

Activated biochar (ABC) was prepared from typical plant/animal biochar (pig bone biochar/corn stalk biochar) by optimizing the gas production characteristics of anaerobic fermentation. The effects of the physical and chemical properties (specific surface area, surface functional group and conductivity) of ABC on the gas production characteristics of anaerobic fermentation were investigated. The results showed that the effect of pig-bone activated biochar (PABC) on anaerobic fermentation gas production characteristics was better than that of corn-stalk activated biochar (CABC). The peak period of gas production or methane production was up to 4 days earlier than that of the control group, and the cumulative methane production was up to 68% higher; this can shorten the fermentation period for up to 7 days, and the effect of stabilizing pH is better. In addition, the surface functional groups are not the dominant factors affecting the gas production characteristics, but the effects of conductivity and specific surface area cannot be neglected. For most experimental groups, when the specific surface area of PABC is more than 90 m2/g and the specific surface area of CABC is more than 100 m2/g. Methane production increases with the specific surface area increases and the controllable range of CBAC is relatively wider than that of PBAC. When the conductivity of CABC is more than 650 μS/cm and the conductivity of PABC is more than 1000 μS/cm, the conductivity has a positive correlation with methane production.

In order to find an effective method to improve the corrosion resistance properties of the candidate structural materials for lead-alloy cooled fast reactors, the 316L steel was treated by high density single elec-tropulsing. And then the interface corrosion characteristics in stagnant lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 823 K for 1000 h were examined. The results show that electropulsing treatment (EPT) has a significant influence on microcosmic appearance and corrosion depth of the corroded specimens. All the specimens were subjected to dissolution corrosion, but EPT with a current density of 1828 A mm -2 can improve obviously the corrosion resistance and reduce the extent of local corrosion of 316L in LBE. In addition, the corrosion depth of the 1828 A mm -2 EPT specimen decreases by 38%, compared with that of the non-EPT specimens.

The liquid LiPb experimental loop is an essential device for studying the compatibility of LiPb with structural materials of the fusion reactor. The heat exchanger is one of the most important devices of the LiPb loop, which is used to control the temperature distribution and study the LiPb flow characteristics in the working condition of the LiPb loop. Based on the heat transfer theory, the liquid LiPb experimental loop cooler is designed at first, which is a tube-type countercurrent heat exchanger with YD-300 heat-conducting oil as the coolant. Numerical simulation analysis was carried out to verify the feasibility of the design scheme under the design condition and the normal operation by using the FLUENT software. The results show that the theoretical design parameters are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results and the average concentration deviation is less than 2%. Furthermore, the average volume temperature and film temperature of heat conducting oil under different working conditions are lower than 310℃ and 375℃ respectively, which indicates that the cooling effect of the LiPb fluid can be realized and the design scheme of the cooler is reasonable.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary malignancy in adolescents and children. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) can regulate the progression of OS. Herein, we explored the target genes and effects of miR-9 in OS. Cell growth, colony formation and cell cycle were respectively examined using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), crystal violet staining and flow cytometry. The target gene of miR-9 was predicted according to the MicroRNA.org website. Luciferase activity was examined using a dual luciferase reporter gene assay kit. The corresponding factors levels were analyzed by carrying out reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. A mouse model of OS was also established and the volume and weight of the tumors of the mice with OS were measured. The levels of p16 in the mice with OS were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data revealed a high expression of miR-9 and a low expression of p16 in the OS tissue. p16 was found to be the target gene for miR-9 in OS. miR-9 depletion decreased the proliferation and colony formation of Saos-2 cells by arresting the cells at the G1 phase, accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin A, cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression levels. Moreover, miR-9 depletion inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In vivo, miR-9 depletion decreased the tumor volume and weight and increased p16 expression in the mouse tumor tissues. Nevertheless, p16 silencing reversed the suppressive effects of miR-9 inhibitors on OS cells. On the whole, the findings of this study substantiate that miR-9 depletion suppresses cell proliferation by targeting p16 in OS and by mediating the activation of the ERK/p38/JNK pathway.

In order to deal with the increasingly serious environmental problems, it is important and necessary to lower the concentration of greenhouse gases, especially the CO 2 gas. CO 2 capture and storage are the relative suitable options for the reduction of these harmful gas concentration. Through the variation of mass ratio of KOH to bio-char, the as prepared active carbon PC-4 exhibits a higher specific surface area of 2 491.57 cm 3 ·g −1 , with the ultra-micropores of 0.5 and 1.2 nm. At 298 K/1 bar, the CO 2 adsorption capacity of PC-4 also represents the highest value of 5.81 mmol/g. This work demonstrates that the both the pore size and the specific surface area are equally important to enhance the CO 2 adsorption. This work provides a sustainable method to develop high efficiency waste-based adsorbents to deal with environmental issues of CO 2 gas.

The heat transfer performance of the spent fuel transport cask is inseparably related to the safety of the whole reprocessing system. In this study, we carried out the thermal analysis on the NAC-STC transport cask for AP1000 spent fuel assembly to evaluate the thermal performance of transport cask by the finite element method software ANSYS. A computational dynamics model was developed to study the temperature distribution inside the transport cask and on the surface of the cask. The effectiveness of the numerical calculation is demonstrated by comparing with the theoretical results. The results show that transport cask can reach steady-state during transportation, and the highest temperature in the case is 328?, which is below the maximum safety limit of 400?. Besides, the temperature of the fuel element baskets, sealing ring, photon shielding layer and neutron shielding layer in the cask are all within the safety limit. nema