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Far transfer rarely occurs, and a recent meta-analysis suggests that music is no exception. The overall effect of musical training on cognition was claimed to be null when considering studies with active control groups or implemented randomization procedures (Sala & Gobet, Memory & Cognition , 48: 1429–1441, 2020). Using the authors’ data file and program ( https://osf.io/rquye ), we did not confirm the effect of randomization, and we demonstrated that their conclusion is based in part on the failure to differentiate near and far transfer, with near transfer effect sizes being selectively excluded for the musical training group studies, but not for the active control group studies. Reanalyzing their data file resulted in a significant effect size ( g = .234), and also provided new evidence that far-transfer effects of musical training can challenge near-transfer effects of linguistic training. Music is a recreational activity that may be special in allowing for small but statistically significant far-transfer effects.

Humans have remarkable statistical learning abilities for verbal speech-like materials and for nonverbal music-like materials. Statistical learning has been shown with artificial languages (AL) that consist of the concatenation of nonsense word-like units into a continuous stream. These ALs contain no cues to unit boundaries other than the transitional probabilities between events, which are high within a unit and low between units. Most AL studies have used units of regular lengths. In the present study, the ALs were based on the same statistical structures but differed in unit length regularity (i.e., whether they were made out of units of regular vs. irregular lengths) and in materials (i.e., syllables vs. musical timbres), to allow us to investigate the influence of unit length regularity on domain-general statistical learning. In addition to better performance for verbal than for nonverbal materials, the findings revealed an effect of unit length regularity, with better performance for languages with regular- (vs. irregular-) length units. This unit length regularity effect suggests the influence of dynamic attentional processes (as proposed by the dynamic attending theory; Large & Jones (Psychological Review 106: 119–159, 1999 )) on domain-general statistical learning.

Implicit learning of temporal structure has primarily been reported when events within a sequence (e.g., visual-spatial locations, tones) are systematically ordered and correlated with the temporal structure. An auditory serial reaction time task was used to investigate implicit learning of temporal intervals between pseudorandomly ordered syllables. Over exposure, participants identified syllables presented in sequences with weakly metrical temporal structures. In a test block, the temporal structure differed from exposure only in the duration of the interonset intervals (IOIs) between groups . It was hypothesized that reaction time (RT) to syllables following between-group IOIs would decrease with exposure and increase at test. In Experiments 1 and 2 , the sequences presented over exposure and test were counterbalanced across participants (Pattern 1 and Pattern 2 conditions). An RT increase at test to syllables following between-group IOIs was only evident in the condition that presented an exposure structure with a slightly stronger meter (Pattern 1 condition). The Pattern 1 condition also elicited a global expectancy effect: Test block RT slowed to earlier-than-expected syllables (i.e., syllables shifted to an earlier beat) but not to later-than-expected syllables. Learning of between-group IOIs and the global expectancy effect extended to the Pattern 2 condition when meter was strengthened with an external pulse (Experiment 2 ). Experiment 3 further demonstrated implicit learning of a new weakly metrical structure with only earlier-than-expected violations at test. Overall findings demonstrate learning of weakly metrical rhythms without correlated event structures (i.e., sequential syllable orders). They further suggest the presence of a global expectancy effect mediated by metrical strength.

Neural correlates of the processing of musical syntax-like structures have been investigated via expectancy violation due to musically unrelated (i.e., unexpected) events in musical contexts. Previous studies reported the implication of inferior frontal cortex in musical structure processing. However – due to the strong musical manipulations – activations might be explained by sensory deviance detection or repetition priming. Our present study investigated neural correlates of musical structure processing with subtle musical violations in a musical priming paradigm. Instrumental and sung sequences ended on related and less-related musical targets. The material controlled sensory priming components, and differences in target processing required listeners' knowledge on musical structures. Participants were scanned with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) while performing speeded phoneme and timbre identification judgments on the targets. Behavioral results acquired in the scanner replicated the facilitation effect of related over less-related targets. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal linked to target processing revealed activation of right inferior frontal areas (i.e., inferior frontal gyrus, frontal operculum, anterior insula) that was stronger for less-related than for related targets, and this was independent of the material carrying the musical structures. This outcome points to the implication of inferior frontal cortex in the processing of syntactic relations also for musical material and to its role in the processing and integration of sequential information over time. In addition to inferior frontal activation, increased activation was observed in orbital gyrus, temporal areas (anterior superior temporal gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, posterior middle temporal gyrus) and supramarginal gyrus.

The structure and vascularization of the human anterior and posterior cruciate ligament were investigated by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy,, injection techniques and by immunohistochemistry. The major part of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament is composed of bundles of type I collagen. Type III collagen-positive fibrils separate the bundles. The major cell type is the elongated fibroblast, lying solitarily between the parallel collagen fibrils. The histologic structure of the cruciate ligaments is not homogeneous. In both ligaments there is a zone where the tissue resembles fibrocartilage. In the anterior cruciate ligament the fibrocartilaginous zone is located 5-10 mm proximal of the tibial ligament insertion in the anterior portion of the ligament. In the posterior cruciate ligament the fibrocartilage is located in the central part of the middle third. Within those zones the cells are arranged in columns and the cell shape is round to ovoid. Transmission electron microscopy reveals typical features of chondrocytes. The chondrocytes are surrounded by a felt-like pericellular matrix, a high content of cellular organelles and short processes on the cell surface. The pericellular collagen is positive for type II collagen. The major blood supply of the cruciate ligaments arises from the middle geniculate artery. The distal part of both cruciate ligaments is vascularized by branches of the lateral and medial inferior geniculate artery. Both ligaments are surrounded by a synovial fold where the terminal branches of the middle and inferior arteries form a periligamentous network. From the synovial sheath blood vessels penetrate the ligament in a horizontal direction and anastomose with a longitudinally orientated intraligamentous vascular network. The density of blood vessels within the ligaments is not homogeneous. In the anterior cruciate ligament an avascular zone is located within the fibrocartilage of the anterior part where the ligament faces the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa. The fibrocartilaginous zone of the middle third of the posterior cruciate ligament is also avascular. According to Pauwel's theory of the \"causal histogenesis\" (1960) the stimulus for the development of fibrocartilage within dense connective tissue is shearing and compressive stress. In the anterior cruciate ligament this biomechanical situation may occur when the ligament impinges on the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa when the knee is fully extended. Compressive and shearing stress in the center of the middle third of the posterior cruciate ligament may result from twisting of the fiber bundles.

In contrast to the sophisticated music processing reported in the general population, individuals with congenital amusia show deficits in music perception and production. Congenital amusia occurs without brain damage, sensory or cognitive deficits, and has been suggested as a lifelong deficit with genetic origin. Even though recognized for a long time, this disorder has been systematically studied only relatively recently for its behavioral and neural correlates. The currently most investigated hypothesis about the underlying deficits concerns the pitch dimension, notably with impaired pitch discrimination and memory. Anatomic and functional investigations of pitch processing revealed that the amusic brain presents abnormalities in the auditory and inferior frontal cortices, associated with decreased connectivity between these structures. The deficit also impairs processing of pitch in speech material and processing of the time dimension in music for some of the amusic individuals, but does not seem to affect spatial processing. Some studies suggest at least partial dissociation in the disorder between perception and production. Recent studies revealed spared implicit pitch perception in congenital amusia, supporting the power of implicit cognition in the music domain. Current challenges consist in defining different subtypes of congenital amusia as well as developing rehabilitation programs for this “musical handicap.”

In patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and cirrhosis, the rate of sustained virologic response was 92% with three new antiviral agents plus ribavirin for 12 weeks and 96% with the same regimen for 24 weeks. Two percent of patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events. An estimated 184 million people worldwide have hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, 1 a leading cause of chronic liver disease and the leading indication for liver transplantation globally. 2 , 3 Approximately 25% of persons with HCV infection in the United States have cirrhosis, and this number is expected to rise to 37% by 2020. 4 , 5 Eradication of HCV with antiviral therapy reduces the risk of hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death from a liver-related cause or any cause. 6 – 10 Among patients with HCV infection and cirrhosis in whom peginterferon–ribavirin treatment has failed, rates of sustained virologic response to retreatment with interferon-containing regimens . . .

Introduction: Trauma teams have been shown to improve outcomes in severely injured patients. The criteria used to mobilize trauma teams is highly variable and debated. This study was undertaken to define the triage accuracy at our level 1 trauma centre and identify the criteria predictive of appropriate activations. Methods: A 3-month prospective observational study was performed and all patients presenting to the ER who received a trauma flag were identified. Patient demographics, vital signs, trauma team activation and criteria for activation were documented. Trauma activations were deemed appropriate if the patient met any of the following; airway intervention, needle/tube thoracostomy, resuscitative thoracotomy, ED blood product transfusion, invasive hemodynamic monitoring, central line insertion, emergent OR (<8 hours), admission to ICU, and death within 72 hours. Over and undertriage rates were calculated and a multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify activation criteria predictive of appropraite activations. The activation criteria were then modified and the prospective study was repeated to assess the impact on triage accuracy. Results: Between September to December 2015, 188 patients received a trauma flag. 137 patients met the activation criteria, however only 78 received a trauma team activation. 57% of patients who had TTA met the definition of appropriate activation, while 45% who met criteria for activation met the definition of appropriate. The rates of under and overtriage were 30.4% and 30.3%, respectively. Logistic regression revealed the following criteria to be predictive of appropriate activation; hypotension (OR 10.2 95% CI 2.3,45.5), arrival by HEMS (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4,7.6), pedestrian struck (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4,8.5) and fall (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7, 15.1). Tachycardia (OR 1.1, 95% 0.3,4.6) and high energy MVC (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.7,3.1) were not found to be predictive. The post-modification study occured between September to December 2016. Data analysis to assess the impact of criteria alteration are currently underway and will be presented at CAEP 2017. Conclusion: Triage accuracy for the mobilization of a multi-disciplinary trauma team is important, both to ensure optimal patient care as well as to reduce unnecessary resource strain. Our previous criteria lead to high rates of undertriage and subsequent modifications have been made. The impact of these changes will be ascertained and presented at CAEP 2017.

In this trial in previously untreated patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and no cirrhosis, high rates of sustained response were achieved with three new direct-acting antiviral agents and ribavirin. Serious adverse events and treatment discontinuation were infrequent. Approximately 184 million people worldwide have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and more than 350,000 people die of HCV-related liver disease each year. 1 , 2 Until recently, the standard of care for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection was a first-generation protease inhibitor, telaprevir or boceprevir, with peginterferon and ribavirin; this therapy resulted in rates of sustained virologic response of 67 to 75% among previously untreated patients. 3 , 4 The new standard of care is peginterferon and ribavirin combined with either the nucleotide nonstructural (NS) 5B polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir or the protease inhibitor simeprevir. 5 Peginterferon-based treatment is associated with clinically significant systemic . . .

In this trial in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and no cirrhosis who had previously been treated with peginterferon and ribavirin, retreatment with three new oral antiviral agents and ribavirin resulted in a sustained virologic response in 96% of patients. Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are at risk for progressive liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, and decompensated liver disease. HCV infection can be cured with antiviral therapy, reducing the risk of illness and death associated with end-stage liver disease. 1 – 3 For more than a decade, patients with HCV genotype 1 infection have been treated with peginterferon–ribavirin dual therapy, resulting in rates of sustained virologic response of approximately 40 to 50%. 4 – 6 Response rates among previously untreated patients have been shown to increase to 68 to 75% with peginterferon–ribavirin plus a protease inhibitor (telaprevir or boceprevir, . . .