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Heat and drought are major stresses that significantly reduce seed yield of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In turn, this affects the profitability of the crop in climatic-vulnerable tropical arid regions, which happen to be the poorest and in most need of legume proteins. Therefore, it is imperative to broaden the sources of heat and drought resistance in the common bean by examining closely related species from warmer and drier environments (i.e., Tepary bean, P. acutifolius A. Gray), while harnessing such variation, typically polygenic, throughout advanced interspecific crossing schemes. As part of this study, interspecific congruity backcrosses for high temperature and drought tolerance conditions were characterized across four localities in coastal Colombia. Genotypes with high values of CO2 assimilation (>24 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), promising yield scores (>19 g/plant), and high seed mineral content (Fe > 100 mg/kg) were identified at the warmest locality, Motilonia. At the driest locality, Caribia, one intercrossed genotype (i.e., 85) and the P. acutifolius G40001 control exhibited sufficient yield for commercial production (17.76 g/plant and 12.76 g/plant, respectively). Meanwhile, at southernmost Turipaná and Carmen de Bolívar localities, two clusters of genotypes exhibited high mean yield scores with 33.31 g/plant and 17.89 g/plant, respectively, and one genotype had an increased Fe content (109.7 mg/kg). Overall, a multi-environment AMMI analysis revealed that genotypes 13, 27, 82, and 84 were environmentally stable with higher yield scores compared to the Tepary control G40001. Ultimately, this study allows us to conclude that advanced common bean × Tepary bean interspecific congruity backcrosses are capable of pyramiding sufficient polygenic tolerance responses for the extreme weather conditions of coastal Colombia, which are likely to worsen due to climate change. Furthermore, some particular recombination events (i.e., genotype 68) show that there may be potential to couple breeding for heat and drought tolerance with Fe mineral biofortification, despite a prevalent trade-off, as a way to fight malnutrition of marginalized communities in tropical regions.

The contribution of vegetables to food security and economic development in Colombia, as well as to environmental problems worldwide, justifies the interest to design sustainable production strategies for the agro-chain. This study was developed to evaluate the effect of the application of essential oils and agricultural inputs in chili peppers, beans and eggplants in Codazzi, Cesar, Colombia. The methodology included the compatibility analysis between pesticides used in these vegetables, and Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus oils in relation to their biocidal effect in vitro on native strains of Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Applications of thiabendazole in an individual basis and combined with oils were carried out in the field. Physicochemical and microbiological indicators of soil, pests and diseases incidence and crop yield were measured. Oils controlled up to 97% of plant pathogens in vitro and exhibited compatibility with carbendazim and thiabendazole. In the field, up to 67 % of disease control was observed with C. citratus + thiabendazole compared to the control (p = 0.00), yields were close to the regional average, and better microbiological and physicochemical soil conditions were observed. In conclusion, there are differences in the edaphic effect between treatments, as the agrochemical and the oil combinations were more favorable than the individual effect of each product on the variables evaluated. The above exhorts to continue soil evaluations with oils to elucidate the duration of the described effects.

One of the principal etiological agents associated with losses in horticultural crops is the fungus Colletotrichum sp. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of the essential oil (EO) from Cymbopogon citratus in chitosan supports for the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from sweet pepper plants. Methods: The extraction and phytochemical analysis of the EO of C. citratus were performed along with its encapsulation in chitosan-agar in order to compare it with other techniques and determine its effect on C. gloeosporioides. Results: The EO from the citral chemotype (58%) encapsulated in the chitosan-agar, with an 83% encapsulation efficiency in mass percentage, resulted in the total inhibition of mycelial growth at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1370 ppm. This concentration was effective in controlling the disease under greenhouse conditions. The effectivity of the capsules containing EO was superior to that of other controls using EO evaluated in vitro. The capsules demonstrated an effective period of 51 days, with an additional 30 days of effectiveness after a reinfection cycle, thus providing similar results to the control with Trichoderma sp. Conclusions: Chitosan capsules present a promising strategy in the use of C. citratus EO on C. gloeosporioides, and they are highly effective and stable under in vitro and field conditions

Assessing interspecific adaptive genetic variation across environmental gradients offers insight into the scale of habitat-dependent heritable heterotic effects, which may ultimately enable pre-breeding for abiotic stress tolerance and novel climates. However, environmentally dependent allelic effects are often bypassed by intra-specific single-locality genome-wide associations studies (GWAS). Therefore, in order to bridge this gap, this study aimed at coupling an advanced panel of drought/heat susceptible common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) × tolerant tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) interspecific lines with last-generation multi-environment GWAS algorithms to identify novel sources of heat and drought tolerance to the humid and dry subregions of the Caribbean coast of Colombia, where the common bean typically exhibits maladaptation to extreme weather. A total of 87 advanced lines with interspecific ancestries were genotyped by sequencing (GBS), leading to the discovery of 15,645 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Five yield traits were recorded for each genotype and inputted in modern GWAS algorithms (i.e., FarmCPU and BLINK) to identify the putative associated loci across four localities in coastal Colombia. Best-fit models revealed 47 significant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) distributed in all 11 common bean chromosomes. A total of 90 flanking candidate genes were identified using 1-kb genomic windows centered in each associated SNP marker. Pathway-enriched analyses were done using the mapped output of the GWAS for each yield trait. Some genes were directly linked to the drought tolerance response; morphological, physiological, and metabolic regulation; signal transduction; and fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism. We conclude that habitat-dependent interspecific polygenic effects are likely sufficient to boost common bean adaptation to the severe climate in coastal Colombia via introgression breeding. Environmental-dependent polygenic adaptation may be due to contrasting levels of selection and the deleterious load across localities. This work offers putative associated loci for marker-assisted and genomic selection targeting the common bean’s neo-tropical lowland adaptation to drought and heat.

Abstract The Kankuamo people from Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta [SNSM], Colombia, are undergoing a process of recovering their local knowledge and self-determination as an indigenous people; however, exogenous information affects their decisions and contributes to their acculturation. In this contr nnovative ones recommended by the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation [AGROSAVIA]. This study seeks to contribute to the construction of a Hybrid Methodology that integrates the two positions by identifying emerging points of intersection in social, cultural, agro-environmental, political, and economic activities in its territory. It concludes on the need to align technological innovation strategies with the “Law of Origin” that governs the life of its people in the search for “good living”, to adopt them without detriment to their autonomy and cosmogony. Resumo O povo Kankuamo da Serra Nevada de Santa Marta [SNSM], Colômbia, está experimentando um processo de recuperação de seu conhecimento local e autodeterminação como povo indígena; entretanto, informações exógenas afetam suas decisões e contribuem para sua aculturação. Nesse contraste, suas práticas produtivas ancestrais diferem das inovadoras recomendadas pela Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria [AGROSAVIA]. Este estudo busca contribuir para a construção de uma Metodologia Híbrida que integre os dois posicionamentos por meio da identificação de práticas produtivas, ancestrais e inovadoras, identificando pontos emergentes de intersecção nas atividades sociais, culturais, agroambientais, políticas e econômicas em seu território. Conclui sobre a necessidade de alinhar as estratégias de inovação tecnológica com a “Lei de Origem” que rege a vida de seu povo na busca do “bem viver”, para adotá-las sem prejuízo de sua autonomia e cosmogonia. Resumen El pueblo Kankuamo de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta [SNSM], Colombia, vive un proceso de recuperación de su saber local y autodeterminación como pueblo autóctono; sin embargo, la información exógena afecta sus decisiones y contribuye a su aculturación. En este contraste, sus ancestrales prácticas productivas discrepan frente a las innovadoras recomendadas por la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria [AGROSAVIA]. Este estudio busca contribuir a la construcción de una Metodología Híbrida que integre las dos posturas a través de la identificación de prácticas productivas, ancestrales e innovadoras, identificando puntos de intersección emergentes en las actividades sociales, culturales, agroambientales, políticas y económicas en su territorio. Se concluye en la necesidad de alinear las estrategias de innovación tecnológica con la “Ley de Origen” que rige la vida de su pueblo en la búsqueda del “buen vivir”, para adoptarlas sin menoscabo de su autonomía y cosmogonía.

El sector de plantas aromáticas, medicinales y condimentarias reúne una amplia variedad de especies nativas e introducidas con potencial agroindustrial. Para contribuir al diagnóstico tecnológico del sector en Colombia y brindar elementos de planificación estratégica hacia mejores niveles de desarrollo e internacionalización, se priorizaron ciertas especies aromáticas en este artículo y se planteó una vigilancia tecnología del 2004 al 2014. Se hizo una búsqueda de artículos científicos y patentes en ocho bases de datos en el ámbito nacional, iberoamericano y mundial según temáticas priorizadas. Los datos se procesaron mediante Microsoft Excel, EndNote, Vantage Point (2014) y Thomson Data Analyzer. A nivel nacional, la temática más registrada fue el Abstract The sector of aromatic, medicinal and seasoning herbs brings together a wide variety of native and introduced species with agroindustrial potential. In order to contribute to the technological assessment of the sector in Colombia and provide elements of strategic planning towards higher levels of development and internationalization. We prioritized certain aromatic species in this article and a technological surveillance was made during 2004- 2014. A searching scientific articles and patents was made in eight national, iberoamericanand worldwide databases according prioritized issues. Data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel, EndNote, Vantage Point (2014) Thomson Data Analyzer programs. At National level, the planting material material de siembra y el mejoramiento genético, mientras que en Iberoamérica y el mundo, fue el efecto biocida. Los países líderes en investigaciones sobre las aromáticas vigiladas fueron Brasil, Colombia y Cuba. A nivel internacional, los líderes en producción científica en PubMed y Scopus fueron India, EE. UU., Brasil y Colombia. La tendencia mundial de patentes es creciente, y su principal enfoque es “Necesidades corrientes de la vida”. En conclusión, la vigilancia tecnológica ofreció una visión global de avances y tendencias en investigación y desarrollo tecnológico en áreas temáticas vinculadas con las plantas aromáticas. Además, se identificaron posibles aliados investigativos y fluctuación de la producción científica a través del tiempo.

Abstract The agricultural practices of the ancestral Latin American peoples hardly lead to optimal productivity integrated with adequate management of resources. This work evaluates the compatibility between the ancestral practices of the Kankuamo community in the vulnerable ecosystem Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, and innovative practices by the [AGROSAVIA] Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation, in biofortified beans of high nutritional value in the face of malnutrition and scarcity of the community’s own food. Methodologically, surveys were carried out that identify sustainability tracers and microbiological analysis of soils and the association among the variables evaluated. The results identify the incidence of education, health, self-care, gender and food supply in this vulnerability, verify the exclusion of agrochemicals in production, and show the need for a strategy of technological adoption with a differential approach. Resumen Las prácticas agropecuarias de los pueblos ancestrales latinoamericanos difícilmente conducen a una óptima productividad integrada al adecuado manejo de los recursos. Este trabajo evalúa la compatibilidad entre las prácticas ancestrales de la comunidad Kankuama en el ecosistema vulnerable Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, y prácticas innovadoras de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria [AGROSAVIA], en frijol biofortificado de alto valor nutritivo frente a la desnutrición y escasez de alimentos propios de la comunidad. Metodológicamente se practican encuestas que identifican trazadores de sostenibilidad y análisis microbiológicos de suelos y de asociación entre las variables evaluadas. Los resultados identifican la incidencia de la educación, salud, autocuidado, género y abastecimiento de alimentos en esta vulnerabilidad, verifican la exclusión de agroquímicos en la producción y evidencian la necesidad de una estrategia de adopción tecnológica con enfoque diferencial. Resumo Las prácticas agropecuarias de los pueblos ancestrales latinoamericanos difícilmente conducen a una óptima productividad integrada al adecuado manejo de los recursos. Este trabajo evalúa la compatibilidad entre las prácticas ancestrales de la comunidad Kankuama en el ecosistema vulnerable Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, y prácticas innovadoras de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria [AGROSAVIA], en frijol biofortificado de alto valor nutritivo frente a la desnutrición y escasez de alimentos propios de la comunidad. Metodológicamente se practican encuestas que identifican trazadores de sostenibilidad y análisis microbiológicos de suelos y de asociación entre las variables evaluadas. Los resultados identifican la incidencia de la educación, salud, autocuidado, género y abastecimiento de alimentos en esta vulnerabilidad, verifican la exclusión de agroquímicos en la producción y evidencian la necesidad de una estrategia de adopción tecnológica con enfoque diferencial.

Climate change is jeopardizing global food security, with at least 713 million people facing hunger. To face this challenge, legumes as common beans could offer a nature-based solution, sourcing nutrients and dietary fiber, especially for rural communities in Latin America and Africa. However, since common beans are generally heat and drought susceptible, it is imperative to speed up their molecular introgressive adaptive breeding so that they can be cultivated in regions affected by extreme weather. Therefore, this study aimed to couple an advanced panel of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) × tolerant Tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) interspecific lines with Bayesian regression algorithms to forecast adaptation to the humid and dry sub-regions at the Caribbean coast of Colombia, where the common bean typically exhibits maladaptation to extreme heat waves. A total of 87 advanced lines with hybrid ancestries were successfully bred, surpassing the interspecific incompatibilities. This hybrid panel was genotyped by sequencing (GBS), leading to the discovery of 15,645 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Three yield components (yield per plant, and number of seeds and pods) and two biomass variables (vegetative and seed biomass) were recorded for each genotype and inputted in several Bayesian regression models to identify the top genotypes with the best genetic breeding values across three localities on the Colombian coast. We comparatively analyzed several regression approaches, and the model with the best performance for all traits and localities was BayesC. Also, we compared the utilization of all markers and only those determined as associated by a priori genome-wide association studies (GWAS) models. Better prediction ability with the complete SNP set was indicative of missing heritability as part of GWAS reconstructions. Furthermore, optimal SNP sets per trait and locality were determined as per the top 500 most explicative markers according to their β regression effects. These 500 SNPs, on average, overlapped in 5.24% across localities, which reinforced the locality-dependent nature of polygenic adaptation. Finally, we retrieved the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) and selected the top 10 genotypes for each trait and locality as part of a recommendation scheme targeting narrow adaption in the Caribbean. After validation in field conditions and for screening stability, candidate genotypes and SNPs may be used in further introgressive breeding cycles for adaptation.

El aporte de las hortalizas a la seguridad alimentaria y desarrollo económico de Colombia y la problemática ambiental mundial, justifica el interés de diseñar estrategias productivas sostenibles para la agrocadena. Se desarrolló un estudio para evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de aceites esenciales y agroinsumos en cultivos de ají, fríjol y berenjena en Codazzi, Cesar. La metodología comprendió el análisis de compatibilidad entre pesticidas utilizados en estas hortalizas, aceites de Lippia alba y Cymbopogon citratus, respecto al efecto biocida in vitro sobre cepas nativas de Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora capsici y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. En campo, se aplicó tiabendazol individual y combinado con los aceites. Se midieron indicadores fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de suelo, incidencia de plagas y enfermedades y rendimiento de cultivos. Los aceites controlaron in vitro hasta el 97 % de fitopatógenos y exhibieron compatibilidad con carbendazim y tiabendazol. En campo, se observó control de enfermedades hasta del 67 % con C. citratus + tiabendazol respecto al testigo (P=0,00), rendimientos cercanos al promedio regional, mejores condiciones microbiológicas y fisicoquímicas del suelo. En conclusión, existen diferencias en el efecto edáfico entre tratamientos, fue más favorable la combinación de aceites y el agroquímico respecto al efecto individual de cada producto sobre las variables evaluadas. Lo anterior exhorta a continuar evaluaciones en campo con aceites para elucidar la duración de los efectos descritos.

Climate change is jeopardizing global food security, with at least 713 million people facing hunger. To face this challenge, legumes as common beans could offer a nature-based solution, sourcing nutrients and dietary fiber, especially for rural communities in Latin America and Africa. However, since common beans are generally heat and drought susceptible, it is imperative to speed up their molecular introgressive adaptive breeding so that they can be cultivated in regions affected by extreme weather. Therefore, this study aimed to couple an advanced panel of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) × tolerant Tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) interspecific lines with Bayesian regression algorithms to forecast adaptation to the humid and dry sub-regions at the Caribbean coast of Colombia, where the common bean typically exhibits maladaptation to extreme heat waves. A total of 87 advanced lines with hybrid ancestries were successfully bred, surpassing the interspecific incompatibilities. This hybrid panel was genotyped by sequencing (GBS), leading to the discovery of 15,645 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Three yield components (yield per plant, and number of seeds and pods) and two biomass variables (vegetative and seed biomass) were recorded for each genotype and inputted in several Bayesian regression models to identify the top genotypes with the best genetic breeding values across three localities on the Colombian coast. We comparatively analyzed several regression approaches, and the model with the best performance for all traits and localities was BayesC. Also, we compared the utilization of all markers and only those determined as associated by a priori genome-wide association studies (GWAS) models. Better prediction ability with the complete SNP set was indicative of missing heritability as part of GWAS reconstructions. Furthermore, optimal SNP sets per trait and locality were determined as per the top 500 most explicative markers according to their β regression effects. These 500 SNPs, on average, overlapped in 5.24% across localities, which reinforced the locality-dependent nature of polygenic adaptation. Finally, we retrieved the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) and selected the top 10 genotypes for each trait and locality as part of a recommendation scheme targeting narrow adaption in the Caribbean. After validation in field conditions and for screening stability, candidate genotypes and SNPs may be used in further introgressive breeding cycles for adaptation.