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Understanding how super-massive black holes form and grow in the early Universe has become a major challenge 1 , 2 since it was discovered that luminous quasars existed only 700 million years after the Big Bang 3 , 4 . Simulations indicate an evolutionary sequence of dust-reddened quasars emerging from heavily dust-obscured starbursts that then transition to unobscured luminous quasars by expelling gas and dust 5 . Although the last phase has been identified out to a redshift of 7.6 (ref. 6 ), a transitioning quasar has not been found at similar redshifts owing to their faintness at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. Here we report observations of an ultraviolet compact object, GNz7q, associated with a dust-enshrouded starburst at a redshift of 7.1899 ± 0.0005. The host galaxy is more luminous in dust emission than any other known object at this epoch, forming 1,600 solar masses of stars per year within a central radius of 480 parsec. A red point source in the far-ultraviolet is identified in deep, high-resolution imaging and slitless spectroscopy. GNz7q is extremely faint in X-rays, which indicates the emergence of a uniquely ultraviolet compact star-forming region or a Compton-thick super-Eddington black-hole accretion disk at the dusty starburst core. In the latter case, the observed properties are consistent with predictions from cosmological simulations 7 and suggest that GNz7q is an antecedent to unobscured luminous quasars at later epochs. An unusual ultraviolet compact object associated with a dusty starburst has been observed at a redshift of about 7.2, with a luminosity that falls between that of quasars and galaxies, possibly in transition between the two. 

While space-borne optical and near-infrared facilities have succeeded in delivering a precise and spatially resolved picture of our Universe, their small survey area is known to underrepresent the true diversity of galaxy populations. Ground-based surveys have reached comparable depths but at lower spatial resolution, resulting in source confusion that hampers accurate photometry extractions. What once was limited to the infrared regime has now begun to challenge ground-based ultradeep surveys, affecting detection and photometry alike. Failing to address these challenges will mean forfeiting a representative view into the distant Universe. We introduce The Farmer: an automated, reproducible profile-fitting photometry package that pairs a library of smooth parametric models from The Tractor with a decision tree that determines the best-fit model in concert with neighboring sources. Photometry is measured by fitting the models on other bands leaving brightness free to vary. The resulting photometric measurements are naturally total, and no aperture corrections are required. Supporting diagnostics (e.g., χ 2) enable measurement validation. As fitting models is relatively time intensive, The Farmer is built with high-performance computing routines. We benchmark The Farmer on a set of realistic COSMOS-like images and find accurate photometry, number counts, and galaxy shapes. The Farmer is already being utilized to produce catalogs for several large-area deep extragalactic surveys where it has been shown to tackle some of the most challenging optical and near-infrared data available, with the promise of extending to other ultradeep surveys expected in the near future. The Farmer is available to download from GitHub (https://github.com/astroweaver/the_farmer) and Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8205817).

We present a set of multiwavelength mosaics and photometric catalogs in the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) lensing cluster survey fields. The catalogs were built by the reprocessing of archival data from the Complete Hubble Archive for Galaxy Evolution compilation, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey, Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble, and Hubble Frontier Fields. Additionally, we have reconstructed the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera 3.6 and 4.5 μm mosaics, by utilizing all the available archival IPAC Infrared Science Archive/Spitzer Heritage Archive exposures. To alleviate the effect of blending in such a crowded region, we have modeled the Spitzer photometry by convolving the HST detection image with the Spitzer point-spread function using the novel golfir software. The final catalogs contain 218,000 sources, covering a combined area of 690 arcmin2, a factor of ∼2 improvement over the currently existing photometry. A large number of detected sources is a result of reprocessing of all available and sometimes deeper exposures, in conjunction with a combined optical–near-IR detection strategy. These data will serve as an important tool in aiding the search of the submillimeter galaxies in future ALMA surveys, as well as follow-ups of the HST dark and high-z sources with JWST. Coupled with the available HST photometry, the addition of the 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands will allow us to place a better constraint on the photometric redshifts and stellar masses of these objects, thus giving us an opportunity to identify high-redshift candidates for spectroscopic follow-ups and to answer the important questions regarding the Epoch of Reionization and formation of the first galaxies. The mosaics, photometric catalogs, and the best-fit physical properties are publicly available at https://github.com/dawn-cph/alcs-clusters.

ABSTRACT Background Prison populations experience an increased burden of physical, mental and social health needs compared to the community, further impacted by the prison environment. Surveillance systems to monitor health and well-being trends in prisons are lacking, presenting a challenge to services planners, and policy makers who often lack evidence to inform decisions. Method The Five Nations Health and Justice Collaboration, a body of experts on prison health across the UK and Republic of Ireland (ROI), met to share and discuss challenges and opportunities to developing robust prison health surveillance systems that could inform local provision, guide national policy and enable cross-border comparisons. Results Challenges to robust prison health surveillance systems were shared across the UK and ROI. Methods of surveillance differed across nations and included performance indicators and outcome measures as part of local or national programs. All nations had strong public health infectious disease notification systems. Conclusions The Five Nations Health and Justice Collaboration is proposing a new model for prison health surveillance, based on established guidelines for public health surveillance but with additional features that recognize the uniqueness of the prison environment and need for a whole prison approach, built on collaboration and sharing of data between health and justice sectors.

Introduction Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes which advocate early mobility after surgery have improved immediate clinical outcomes for patients undergoing abdominal cancer resections with curative intent. However, the impact of continued physical activity on patient-related outcomes and functional recovery is not well defined. The aim of this review was to assess the impact of postoperative aerobic exercise training, either alone or in conjunction with another exercise modality, on patients who have had surgery for intra-abdominal cancer. Methods A literature search was performed of electronic journal databases. Eligible papers needed to report an outcome of aerobic capacity in patients older than 18 years of age, who underwent cancer surgery with curative intent and participated in an exercise programme (not solely ERAS) that included an aerobic exercise component starting at any point in the postoperative pathway up to 12 weeks. Results Eleven studies were deemed eligible for inclusion consisting of two inpatient, one mixed inpatient/outpatient and eight outpatient studies. Meta-analysis of four outpatient studies, each reporting change in 6-min walk test (6MWT), showed a significant improvement in 6MWT with exercise (MD 74.92 m, 95% CI 48.52–101.31 m). The impact on health-related quality of life was variable across studies. Conclusion Postoperative exercise confers benefits in improving aerobic function post surgery and can be safely delivered in various formats (home-based or group/supervised).

Probabilistic design of wind turbines requires definition of the structural elements to be included in the probabilistic basis: e.g., blades, tower, foundation; identification of important failure modes; careful stochastic modeling of the uncertain parameters; recommendations for target reliability levels and recommendation for consideration of system aspects. The uncertainties are characterized as aleatoric (physical uncertainty) or epistemic (statistical, measurement and model uncertainties). Methods for uncertainty modeling consistent with methods for estimating the reliability are described. It is described how uncertainties in wind turbine design related to computational models, statistical data from test specimens, results from a few full-scale tests and from prototype wind turbines can be accounted for using the Maximum Likelihood Method and a Bayesian approach. Assessment of the optimal reliability level by cost-benefit optimization is illustrated by an offshore wind turbine example. Uncertainty modeling is illustrated by an example where physical, statistical and model uncertainties are estimated.

Evolutionary loss of sexual traits may occur if the forces that maintain those traits weaken or disappear. Females may evolve resistance or a change in preference if the male sexual trait decreases their fitness (e.g., coercive or deceptive traits). In nuptial gift-giving spiders, males offer a food gift wrapped in silk during courtship, taking advantage of female foraging motivation. Males may also produce worthless gifts, which could select for female emancipation from deception and subsequent loss of gift function. This might be the case in the two known species of the spider genus Trechaleoides (Trechaleidae). Here, we examined the females’ preference for nuptial gifts, and gift function as male mating effort and/or male protection in both species. Trechaleoides keyserlingi males offering gifts acquired significantly fewer matings than males without gifts and thus, we verified no female preference for the gift. In T. biocellata males never produced a gift, although they experienced a high risk of pre-copulatory cannibalism. To assess whether T. biocellata females possess a pre-existing sensory bias for nuptial gifts, they were presented with heterospecific T. keyserlingi males with and without gifts. No female preference was detected, and the gift did not protect males from sexual cannibalism. If silk-wrapped nuptial gifts are ancestral in the spider family Trechaleidae, a basal loss of female preference for the gift in the genus Trechaleoides could be hypothesized. This may subsequently have changed the gift’s sexual function in T. keyserlingi and led to the complete loss of the gift-giving behaviour in T. biocellata .

BackgroundStudies of women with ulcerative colitis (UC) during pregnancy have reported increased risks of preterm delivery, growth restriction, and congenital malformation. However, the results are inconsistent due to inadequate study design and limitations in sample size.MethodsWe performed a population-based prevalence study on 2637 primiparous women with a UC hospital diagnosis prior to delivery and 868,942 primiparous women with no UC diagnosis in Denmark and Sweden, 1994–2006. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate relative risks for moderately (32–36 weeks) and very (before 32 weeks) preterm birth, 5-minute Apgar score <7, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, stillbirth, neonatal death, and congenital abnormalities.ResultsMaternal UC was associated with increased risk of moderately preterm birth (prevalence odds ratio [POR] 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54–2.05), very preterm birth (POR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.02–1.96), cesarean section (POR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.84–2.19), and neonatal death (POR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.04–3.60). The strongest associations were observed for prelabor cesarean section (POR = 2.78, 95% CI: 2.38–3.25) and induced preterm delivery (POR 2.55, 95% CI: 1.95–3.33). There was a slightly increased risk of SGA birth (POR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.05–1.54). We found no association between UC and overall risk of congenital abnormalities (POR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.84–1.31) or specific congenital abnormalities. Risks for adverse birth outcomes were higher in women with previous UC-related surgery and hospital admissions.ConclusionsWomen with UC have increased risks of preterm delivery, SGA-birth, neonatal death, and cesarean section but not congenital abnormalities. Adverse birth outcomes appeared correlated with UC disease severity. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)

1. Laboratory experiments were carried out to analyse various aspects of spider performance under different diets, focusing mainly on the value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. Aphis fabae and a sciarid midge were considered in single experiments. Laboratory fruit flies were used as a standard prey for comparison. The spider species used were Erigone atra, Pardosa amentata and P. prativaga. 2. In preference experiments P. amentata ranked prey types in the order: fruit flies > sciarid > R. padi > A. fabae. 3. In P. prativaga consumption of fruit flies increased with the length of prior starvation period; consumption of aphids was much lower and independent of hunger. 4. First instar spiderlings of P. amentata and Erigone atra were unable to develop on a pure diet of R. padi; they died without moulting. 5. Egg production in wild caught E. atra females stopped after 2-4 egg-sacs on a pure diet of R. padi, whereas females given fruit flies or fruit flies + aphids produced an average of eight sacs. Egg numbers were high on a pure diet of fruit flies, but hatching success was best with fruit flies supplemented with aphids. The size of hatched young depended on both parent size and diet. 6. It was concluded that R. padi represented a low quality prey for cereal spiders which obtain very little energy but essential nutrients from the aphids. It remains to be established whether this has consequences for the prospects of managing spider communities with the view of improving their effectiveness against aphids. It is argued that with a low preference for aphids, improving availability of alternative prey in more diverse agrosystems may possibly reduce spider predation on aphids.

The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) has become a cornerstone of extragalactic astronomy. Since the last public catalog in 2015, a wealth of new imaging and spectroscopic data have been collected in the COSMOS field. This paper describes the collection, processing, and analysis of these new imaging data to produce a new reference photometric redshift catalog. Source detection and multiwavelength photometry are performed for 1.7 million sources across the 2 deg2 of the COSMOS field, ∼966,000 of which are measured with all available broadband data using both traditional aperture photometric methods and a new profile-fitting photometric extraction tool, The Farmer, which we have developed. A detailed comparison of the two resulting photometric catalogs is presented. Photometric redshifts are computed for all sources in each catalog utilizing two independent photometric redshift codes. Finally, a comparison is made between the performance of the photometric methodologies and of the redshift codes to demonstrate an exceptional degree of self-consistency in the resulting photometric redshifts. The i < 21 sources have subpercent photometric redshift accuracy and even the faintest sources at 25 < i < 27 reach a precision of 5%. Finally, these results are discussed in the context of previous, current, and future surveys in the COSMOS field. Compared to COSMOS2015, it reaches the same photometric redshift precision at almost one magnitude deeper. Both photometric catalogs and their photometric redshift solutions and physical parameters will be made available through the usual astronomical archive systems (ESO Phase 3, IPAC-IRSA, and CDS).