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Based on corrected experimental data, this study presents and discusses the temperature characteristics of carbon spectator fragments produced in carbon–carbon collisions at a primary momentum of 4.2 GeV/c per nucleon. We also investigated the multiplicities associated with spectator protons, deuterons, and tritons in inelastic nucleus–nucleus interactions. Our findings reveal that the temperature absorbed by the spectator fragments depends on their mass. We also observed a liquid-gas phase transition in singly and multiply charged projectile fragments.

Subjective perceptions and perceived needs for dental care in a population can provide important information for policy-makers. This study aimed to assess self-perceived personal oral health status among the Saudi Arabia population who could be accessed through social media. A pre-tested questionnaire for completion online was designed to assess self-perceived oral health via 13 items in 4 domains with weighted scores from 1-3. The questionnaire was uploaded to the Internet and the link to it was made available through popular social networking sites in Saudi Arabia. With respondents recruited by snowball methods a total of 4618 people (57.2% males, 42.8% females) completed the questionnaire. The total mean score for the participants was 23.0 (SD 5.0) (scale range 13-39). Self-perceived oral health was rated as poor by 24.2% of respondents, average by 50.6% and good by 25.2%. Educational level, age and region but not sex were significantly associated with self-perceived oral health.

In this paper, we proposed to study the phase transition process to use the new pair of variables, the temperature T and the cumulative number nc (T,nc). We considered the transverse energy spectra of protons and π−-mesons produced in π−-C interactions at 40 GeV/c as a function of cumulative number nc (or four-dimensional momentum transfer t) and the baryonic chemical potential μb(√t). Obtained results indicate the possible appearance of QCD phase transition of nuclear matter.

•Photobiomodulation therapy is widely been used to accelerate the tooth movement and alleviate pain during the course of orthodontic treatment.•Systematic review of literature was carried out on photobiomodulation therapy in acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment.•A total of twelve studies that included randomized control trials and clinical control trials which met the criteria were included in the study.•A possible benefit with photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement was found.•Further trials are needed to evaluate standardized characteristics of photobiomodulation in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. Photobiomodulation therapy, a non invasive method with no adverse effects, has been used to accelerate tooth movement in orthodontia. However, the specific characteristics of laser settings used in studies documented have reported varied inconsistent conflicting results. We decided to undertake a systematic review to eliminate this inconsistency by quantifying the literature studies that indicated the link between photobiomodulation and acceleration of tooth movement and to assess if there is any association of photobiomodulation therapy in accelerating tooth movement. We systematically searched for articles of existing literatures on Photobiomodulation therapy and acceleration of tooth movement over Cochrane library, Pubmed central, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of sciences from 2000 to 2017. Mesh search terms using various descriptors were used to identify the studies. We included randomized control trial and clinical control trail studies that used Ga-Al-As diode laser and Oseeopulse laser with specific characteristics and company specifications, addressing relevant efficiency and safety outcomes. Eligible studies were reviewed and data was extracted on a standard from. We used Cochrane review manager software (Revman version 5.3) to assess the qualities of each included trials. Data were analyzed using an inverse variance method with random effects model effect. We observed a statistical significant difference between the photobiomodulation therapy compared to non laser group in the acceleration of tooth movement (Mean difference 0.59 (95%CI- 0.24 to 0.95) I2 95%). However, these results need caution while generalizing in clinical practice due to the large amount of heterogeneity across the studies. Findings of the current systematic review suggest a possible benefit with photobiomodulation therapy and tooth movement in orthodontia. However these findings need to be further validated in larger trials using specific standardized characteristics of laser settings to uniform the methodological design that can be used in routine clinical practice.

Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular membrane-bound vesicles of about ~ 50–200 nm in diameter that play a role in the bio-mineralization process of hard tissue formation. The present review is based on the empirical phenomenon of primary mineralization process via matrix vesicle-mediated mechanism with special reference to crystal ghosts as well as the mechanism on the organic–inorganic relationship between matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts, and the transformation that these structures undergo during bio-mineralization.

In this paper we study the cumulative proton production in interactions at and 10  . Cumulative protons in comparison with the noncumulative ones are produced at large values of the variable and in this region the energy of cumulative protons also increases. The experimentally obtained values of the cumulative proton energies are compared with the estimations got by the formula of the uncertainty principle. It has been shown that the energy of cumulative protons obtained by using the formula of the uncertainty principle is in agreement with the experimental results.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of π – meson production in , , , and reactions at different projectile energies. The description of these processes is important in understanding of the structure of nuclear matter. A method based on a relativistically invariant variable introduced by us is applied. This method allows one to observe a regularity in π – meson production for a wide set of reactions at different energies in terms of the relativistically invariant target mass variable. This gives grounds to assume that this representation has a predictive power and can be used in analysis of existing experimental data and planning experiments at the NICA accelerator complex.

This paper proposes a method for separation the light component of cosmic rays in the energy range of 200 TeV–20 PeV (the knee region in the PCR spectrum) from hybrid events detected by two Cherenkov setups IACT + HiSCORE in TAIGA experiment. The possibility of such separation is demonstrated using Monte Carlo calculations and the first experimental estimates are made.

The TAIGA gamma observatory is continuing its deployment at the Tunka valley, close to lake Baikal. The new, original detectors, able to work under severe conditions of Siberia, were developed to increase the TAIGA sensitivity for the study of gamma-quanta at energies about 1 PeV and above. The distinguishing feature of the detectors is the use of the wavelength shifting light guides for scintillation light collection on a photodetector. Several designs of the counters have been tested: equipped with PMT or SiPM photo-detectors, acrylic or polystyrene based scintillators with thickness from 1 to 5 cm and detecting area from 0.75 to 1.0 m 2 . The data on the amplitude of the signal from cosmic muons measured in different points within the counter are presented. The first 48 counters were produced and deployed in 2019 at the TAIGA experiment. They form 3 stations each with 8 surface detectors and 8 underground detectors buried at the depth of 1.7 m. After two winters, all counters are working.

The Tunka-Grande array is part of a single experimental complex, which also includes the Tunka-133 and TAIGA-HiScORE (High Sensitivity COsmic Rays and gamma Explorer) wide-angle Cherenkov arrays, TAIGA-IACT array (Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope) and TAGA-MUON scintillation array. This complex is located in the Tunka Valley (Buryatia Republic, Russia), 50 km from Lake Baikal. It is designed to study the energy spectrum and the mass composition of charged cosmic rays in the energy range 100 TeV - 1000 PeV, to search for diffuse gamma rays above 100 TeV and to study local sources of gamma rays with energies above 30 TeV. This report outlines 3 key points. The first is the description of the Tunka-Grande scintillation array. The second one presents the computer simulation strategy of the Tunka Grande array based on the Geant4 software. The third one is devoted to the prospects for future research in the field of cosmic ray physics and gamma-ray astronomy using simulation results.