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The aim of this article is to describe a negative prefix, NEG-, in Polish Sign Language (PJM) which appears to be indigenous to the language. This is of interest given the relative rarity of prefixes in sign languages. Prefixed PJM signs were analyzed on the basis of both a corpus of texts signed by 15 deaf PJM users who are either native or near-native signers, and material including a specified range of prefixed signs as demonstrated by native signers in dictionary form (i.e. signs produced in isolation, not as part of phrases or sentences). In order to define the morphological rules behind prefixation on both the phonological and morphological levels, native PJM users were consulted for their expertise. The research results can enrich models for describing processes of grammaticalization in the context of the visual-gestural modality that forms the basis for sign language structure.

Deaf people experience ableism (able-bodied oppression), audism (hearing-ability oppression), and linguicism (sign language-use oppression) and this study investigated if internalizing these oppressive experiences predicts their mental health. Deaf participants ( N  = 134) completed a 54-item Deaf Oppression Scale, developed for this study with Ableism, Audism, and Linguicism Subtests, along with the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Deaf Oppression Scale and its Ableism, Audism, and Linguicism Subscales carry good reliability and the model fit indices for a confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit. Sixteen (16%) percent ( n  = 22) of the sample had depression, 36% ( n  = 48) had state anxiety, and 64% ( n  = 86) had trait anxiety. Internalized ableism predicted greater characteristics and symptoms of depression, internalized ableism and linguicism predicted greater state anxiety, and internalized audism predicted greater trait anxiety. This is the first empirical evidence dissociating three types of oppression that deaf people experience and their separate and different effects on their psychological well-being.

A series of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylthiourea derivatives were prepared by condensation of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine with appropriate aryl/alkylisothiocyanates in anhydrous media. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and the molecular structures of 8 and 28 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All obtained compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods and for antifungal activity. Microbiological evaluation was carried out over 20 standard strains and 30 hospital strains. Compound 6 showed significant inhibition against Gram-positive cocci and had inhibitory effect on the S. aureus topoisomerase IV decatenation activity and S. aureus DNA gyrase supercoiling activity. Compounds were tested for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a large panel of DNA and RNA viruses, including HIV-1 and other several important human pathogens. Interestingly, derivative 8 showed potent activity against HIV-1 wild type and variants bearing clinically relevant mutations. Newly synthesized tryptamine derivatives showed also a wide spectrum activity, proving to be active against positive- and negative-sense RNA viruses.

Collaboration between industry and academia supports improvement and innovation in industry and helps to ensure industrial relevance in academic research. This article presents an exploratory study of the factors for successful collaboration between industry and academia in software research.

Thirty six novel heterocyclic derivatives of ethyl 2-(2-pyridylacetate) were efficiently synthesized. The new compounds involve the linkage of a 2-pyridyl ring with thiosemicarbazide (compounds 1–7), 1,2,4-triazole (compounds 1a–7a), 1,3,4-thiadiazole (compounds 1b–7b), and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (compounds 1f–7f) moieties. The last group of compounds 1e–7e involves the connection of a 2-pyridyl ring with 1,2,4-triazole and thiourea. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS methods were used to confirm the structures of the obtained derivatives. The molecular structures of 3, 3b, 7a and 7f were further confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All obtained compounds were tested in vitro against a number of microorganisms, including Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods and Candida albicans. In addition, the obtained compounds were tested for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against HIV-1.

The aim of this paper is to show shifts in the language development of deaf and hard of hearing children over the last 30 years. The paper presents an overview of Western and Polish studies on education and language development in deaf children in terms of psycholinguistics. Perceptions of the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of such children must be subject to revision and continual methodological reflection due to rapidly changing variables, such as technological progress, social and cultural conditions of primary socialization and the aims of deaf education. Now that an increasing number of deaf children undergo cochlear implantation, and digital hearing aids can provide 70-75 dB of gain, thus enabling the children to spontaneously develop speech, many of them function in a bimodal environment of the sign and the speech. However, they perform at different levels of educational and developmental success. This paper elucidates the issues of language flexibility in and heterogenization of children using hearing aids or implants on a daily basis.

Artykuł podejmuje temat koncepcji deafhood, która redefiniuje rozumienie głuchoty, odchodząc od medycznego modelu postrzegającego ją jako deficyt w kierunku perspektywy kulturowej, według której głuchota stanowi integralny element tożsamości. Autorzy przedstawiają rozwój tej koncepcji, zapoczątkowanej przez Paddy’ego Ladda, który wprowadził deafhood jako termin oddający pełnię doświadczeń osób głuchych. Koncepcja ta kładzie nacisk na samorealizację i afirmację kulturową, przeciwstawiając się kolonizacji przez osoby słyszące oraz patologizowaniu głuchoty. Proces kształtowania się deafhood opisany jest jako droga ku emancypacji, której etapy obejmują opresję, świadomość ucisku, rezyliencję i dekolonizację. W artykule omówiono także perspektywy badawcze dla polskiego kontekstu, proponując przeprowadzenie badań empirycznych nad polską społecznością Głuchych w celu lepszego zrozumienia ich kulturowo-językowej tożsamości. Autorzy postulują wprowadzenie terminu „Głuchość” jako polskiego odpowiednika deafhood, który podkreślałby różnice między medycznym a kulturowym podejściem do głuchoty, akcentując odrębność kultury i tożsamości osób głuchych.

Artykuł podejmuje temat koncepcji deafhood, która redefiniuje rozumienie głuchoty, odchodząc od medycznego modelu postrzegającego ją jako de-ficyt w kierunku perspektywy kulturowej, według której głuchota stanowi integralny element tożsamości. Autorzy przedstawiają rozwój tej koncepcji, zapoczątkowanej przez Paddy'ego Ladda, który wprowadził deafhood jako termin oddający pełnię doświadczeń osób głuchych. Koncepcja ta kładzie na-cisk na samorealizację i afirmację kulturową, przeciwstawiając się kolonizacji przez osoby słyszące oraz patologizowaniu głuchoty. Proces kształtowania się deafhood opisany jest jako droga ku emancypacji, której etapy obejmują opre-sję, świadomość ucisku, rezyliencję i dekolonizację. W artykule omówiono także perspektywy badawcze dla polskiego kontekstu, proponując przepro-wadzenie badań empirycznych nad polską społecznością Głuchych w celu lepszego zrozumienia ich kulturowo-językowej tożsamości. Autorzy postulują wprowadzenie terminu „Głuchość\" jako polskiego odpowiednika deafhood, który podkreślałby różnice między medycznym a kulturowym podejściem do głuchoty, akcentując odrębność kultury i tożsamości osób głuchych.

This paper discusses the communicative competence of deaf children. It illustrates the process in which such children build narrative texts in interaction with a deaf teacher, and presents the diversity of this process due to the shared vs. non-shared perception of a picture - the source of the topic. Detailed analyses focus on the formal and semantic aspect of the stories, including the length of the text in sign language, the content selected, information categories, and types of answers to the teacher’s questions. This text is our contribution in memory of Professor Grace Wales Shugar, whose idea of dual agentivity of child-adult interaction inspired the research presented here.

The following article looks into the question of negative affixation in Polish Sign Language. Until today only one negative prefix and one negative suffix were recognized in Polish Sign Language. Our research investigates farther these two affixes looking into their etymologies, constraints and new examples of their use. The negative prefix (NEG1–) results from PJM’s contact with spoken Polish, while the negative suffix (–NEG2) is an element native to PJM. Aside from a more in-depth analysis of the previously known affixes, our research uncovers new suffixes (–NEG3 and –NEG4), an interfix (–NEG1–) and a postfix (–NEG5). The interfix has the same origin as the negative prefix. The suffix –NEG3 comes from a sign meaning “lack of something.” The suffix –NEG4 originates from a natural gesture. The postfix is a result of a combination of a natural gesture and a sign.