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Spanning the Crusades, the Indian Raj, and the postwar decline of the British Empire, Homer's Turk illuminates how English writers of all eras have relied on Greek and Roman literature to help them understand the world once called \"the Orient.\" Even today, the Classics frame the West's relationship with the Islamic world, India, and China.

Most adults have life plans that include children. When those who desire children find their efforts unsuccessful, frustration, despair, and helplessness are common and debilitating consequences. In this article we survey the scope of the problem of infertility, its current therapies, and the future prospects. Scope of the Problem In the United States, surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics estimate that in 1988, 8.4 percent of women 15 to 44 years of age, or 4.9 million women, had an impaired ability to have children 1 . Of these women, 2.2 million had no children (primary infertility), and 2.7 . . .

The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome according to its indications, i.e., a history of failed or poor fertilization and unsuitable sperm parameters for conventional IVF, and (2) to examine the impact of a female's age, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, presence of antisperm antibodies, and hemizona assay (HZA) results on overall outcome. Two hundred seventy-nine ICSI cycles performed in 207 couples were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical pregnancy and delivery rates were 36.8 and 29.8% for patients with prior failed fertilization, 23.2 and 17.8% for patients who had prior poor fertilization, and 28.6 and 21.3% for patients with unsuitable sperm parameters. The differences among all groups were found to be insignificant. There was a significant, negative correlation between a female's age and pregnancy results. No difference was found in the three basic sperm parameters between those patients who produced and those who did not produce a pregnancy, but the fertilization rate was significantly higher in patients with more adequate sperm parameters. Although there was a trend toward a better fertilization rate in patients with a hemizona index (HZI) greater than 30 (indicative of a superior sperm-zona pellucida binding capacity) than in those with a HZI less than 30, the difference was not significant. There were no differences in fertilization rate according to the presence or absence of antisperm antibodies. Fertilization history in a conventional IVF cycle has no effect on success rates following ICSI, and there is no correlation among the basic sperm parameters, the presence of antisperm antibodies, and pregnancy rates.

\"How did the Romans handle risk, from uncertainty about food supply and dangerous travel to survival itself? Modern risk studies view the ancients as dominated by fate, but the reality was different. A range of techniques, from dream interpretation and oracles to logistics and law, all served to control risk\"-- Provided by publisher.

This paper demonstrates that the potential for diverting inter-urban leisure travellers from car to rail is lower when rail services are improved instead of applying restrictive measures to reduce car use. This is because of the low cross-elasticities of demand for car with respect to rail characteristics. It is very important that attention is paid to identifying the appropriate functional form of the model, particularly when modelling the effects of large changes, or when seeking to apply the model to situations with different cross-sectional characteristics. It is also important to distinguish between people travelling alone and people travelling in a group. /// Dieser Beitrag zeigt, daß bei einer Qualitätsverbesserung der Eisenbahn das Potential, zwischenstädtische Freizeitreisende vom Pkw zur Eisenbahn hinzulenken, geringer ausfällt als bei verschärften Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der Pkw-Nutzung. Grund hierfür ist die niedrige Kreuzelastizität der Pkw-Nachfrage in bezug auf Qualitätsmerkmale der Eisenbahn. Entscheidend ist dabei die Sorgfalt, den richtigen Modelltyp heranzuziehen, insbesondere um die langfristigen Wirkungen zu erfassen oder um das Modell für unterschiedliche Charakteristika des jeweils anderen Verkehrsträgers anwenden zukönnen. Ebenso bedeutsam ist die Unterteilung in Allein- und Gruppenreisende. /// Cet article montre qu'appliquer des mesures restrictives d'utilisation des véhicules est plus efficace que d'améliorer le service ferroviaire quand il s'agit de transférer les trajets interurbains de loisir de la voiture au train. Ceci est dû au faible changement de la demande en fonction du prix pour les voitures par rapport au train. Il est très important d'identifier la forme fonctionnelle appropriée de modèle quand on veut modéliser les effets de grands changements, ou quand on cherche à appliqer le modèle à des situations avec des caractéristiques différentes en coupe. Il est aussi important de faire la distinction entre les personnes voyageant seules ou en groupe. /// Este artículo demuestra que el potencial para desplazar a los viajeros de placer inter-urbanos del automóvil al ferrocarril es más bajo cuando se mejoran los servicios de ferrocarril que cuando se aplican medidas para reducir el uso del automóvil. Esto se debe a las bajas elasticidades cruzadas de demanda de automóvil con respecto a las características del ferrocarril. Es muy importante prestar atención a la identificación adecuada de la forma funcional del modelo, en particular cuando se modelan los efectos de grandes cambios, o cuando se pretende aplicar el modelo a situaciones con características de corte cruzado diferentes. También es importante distinguir entre la gente que viaja sola y la gente que viaja en grupo.

Concerns regarding the environmental impacts of petrol and diesel cars have stimulated the development of vehicle technologies based on alternative fuels. In contrast to the scientific research which has led to these significant technological developments, there has been a relative paucity of published academic research on the demand from consumers for such vehicles, and this small literature has been almost entirely US-based. This paper, which reports work funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, represents the first study of its kind in the UK. Two stated preference experiments based on households' purchase choices between conventional vehicles and alternative-fuel vehicles were conducted. The data were analysed using various state-of-the-art formulations of logit models including error components logit and random parameters logit. Elasticities derived from the preferred models show that demand for alternative-fuel vehicles is much more sensitive to purchase price than demand for conventional vehicles, although the operating cost elasticities are more in line with existing evidence. It is concluded that alternative-fuel vehicles are unlikely to achieve a significant market share without non-marginal technological and/or legislative/fiscal developments to encourage their take-up.