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The network approach to psychopathology posits that mental disorders can be conceptualized and studied as causal systems of mutually reinforcing symptoms. This approach, first posited in 2008, has grown substantially over the past decade and is now a full-fledged area of psychiatric research. In this article, we provide an overview and critical analysis of 363 articles produced in the first decade of this research program, with a focus on key theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions. In addition, we turn our attention to the next decade of the network approach and propose critical avenues for future research in each of these domains. We argue that this program of research will be best served by working toward two overarching aims: (a) the identification of robust empirical phenomena and (b) the development of formal theories that can explain those phenomena. We recommend specific steps forward within this broad framework and argue that these steps are necessary if the network approach is to develop into a progressive program of research capable of producing a cumulative body of knowledge about how specific mental disorders operate as causal systems.

Background:Biliary tract infection is a common cause of bacteraemia and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Few papers describe blood culture isolates, underlying structural abnormalities and clinical outcomes in patients with bacteraemia.Aims:To determine the proportion of bacteraemias caused by biliary tract infection and to describe patient demographics, underlying structural abnormalities and clinical outcomes in patients with bacteraemia.Design:Prospective cohort study.Methods:Biliary tract infection that caused bacteraemia was defined as a compatible clinical syndrome and a blood culture isolate consistent with ascending cholangitis. Patients aged 16 years and over were included in the study. From June 2003 to May 2005, demographic and clinical data were collected prospectively on all adult patients with bacteraemia. Radiological and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography findings were collected retrospectively.Results:In 49 patients, the biliary tract was the site of infection for 39/592 (6.6%) community-acquired and 19/466 (4.1%) hospital-acquired episodes of bacteraemia. Three patients had mixed bacteraemias, and four had recurrent bacteraemia. The proportion of patients presenting with a structural abnormality was 34/49 (69%), and, of these structural abnormalities, 18/34 (53%) were pre-existing or newly diagnosed malignancies. Gram-negative organisms caused 55/58 (95%) episodes of bacteraemia. The most common Gram-negative organisms were Escherichia coli (34/55; 62%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14/55; 26%). Of the E coli isolates, 6/34 (18%) were extended spectrum β-lactamase producers or multiply drug resistant. Thirty-day mortality was 7/49 (14%). There was no difference in time taken to administer an effective antibiotic to survivors and non-survivors (0.86 vs 1.05 days, respectively, p = 0.92). Of the seven who died, four died from septic shock within 48 h of admission caused by “susceptible” Gram-negative organisms. Two others died from disseminated malignancy.Conclusions:The proportion of bacteraemias caused by biliary tract infection was 5.5%. The most common infecting organisms were E coli and K pneumoniae. There was a strong association with choledocholithiasis and malignancies, both pre-existing and newly diagnosed. Death was uncommon but when it occurred was often caused by septic shock within 48 h of presentation.

BackgroundCognitive–behavioural theories of panic disorder posit that panic attacks arise from a positive feedback loop between arousal-related bodily sensations and perceived threat. In a recently developed computational model formalising these theories of panic attacks, it was observed that the response to a simulated perturbation to arousal provided a strong indicator of vulnerability to panic attacks and panic disorder. In this review, we evaluate whether this observation is borne out in the empirical literature that has examined responses to biological challenge (eg, CO2 inhalation) and their relation to subsequent panic attacks and panic disorder.MethodWe searched PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO using keywords denoting provocation agents (eg, sodium lactate) and procedures (eg, infusion) combined with keywords relevant to panic disorder (eg, panic). Articles were eligible if they used response to a biological challenge paradigm to prospectively predict panic attacks or panic disorder.ResultsWe identified four eligible studies. Pooled effect sizes suggest that there is biological challenge response has a moderate prospective association with subsequent panic attacks, but no prospective relationship with panic disorder.ConclusionsThese findings provide support for the prediction derived from cognitive–behavioural theories and some preliminary evidence that response to a biological challenge may have clinical utility as a marker of vulnerability to panic attacks pending further research and development.Trial registration number135908.

87Sr/86Sr ratios of ground waters in the Bighorn and Laramie basins' carbonate and carbonate‐cemented aquifer systems, Wyoming, United States, reflect the distinctive strontium isotope signatures of the minerals in their respective aquifers. Well water samples from the Madison Aquifer (Bighorn Basin) have strontium isotopic ratios that match their carbonate host rocks. Casper Aquifer ground waters (Laramie Basin) have strontium isotopic ratios that differ from the bulk host rock; however, stepwise leaching of Casper Sandstone indicates that most of the strontium in Casper Aquifer ground waters is acquired from preferential dissolution of carbonate cement. Strontium isotope data from both Bighorn and Laramie basins, along with dye tracing experiments in the Bighorn Basin and tritium data from the Laramie Basin, suggest that waters in carbonate or carbonate‐cemented aquifers acquire their strontium isotope composition very quickly—on the order of decades. Strontium isotopes were also used successfully to verify previously identified mixed Redbeds‐Casper ground waters in the Laramie Basin. The strontium isotopic compositions of ground waters near Precambrian outcrops also suggest previously unrecognized mixing between Casper and Precambrian aquifers. These results demonstrate the utility of strontium isotopic ratio data in identifying ground water sources and aquifer interactions.

Water well samples, precipitation, and leachates of aquifer rock samples from the Laramie basin, Wyoming, were analyzed to test the suitability of Pb isotopes for tracing hydrologic processes in a basin where Sr isotopes had proven effective. Leachable Pb from host rocks to aquifers in this basin have isotopically distinct compositions and isotopic tracing would be effective in differentiating natural sources of Pb. However, in almost all cases, this natural signal is apparently swamped by anthropogenic Pb sources in drilled water wells. The isotopic compositions of these samples cannot be produced by any combination of Pb in precipitation and leached Pb from the aquifers alone, but are consistent with mixtures of anthropogenic Pb. Thorogenic (^sup 208^Pb) vs. uranogenic (^sup 206^Pb, ^sup 207^Pb) Pb was especially useful for discriminating natural from anthropogenic sources for these samples. It is strongly recommended that all four Pb isotopes be reported in hydrologic and environmental studies that employ this approach.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

We report the final measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters \\(\\Delta m^2_{32}\\) and \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{23}\\) using all data from the MINOS and MINOS+ experiments. These data were collected using a total exposure of \\(23.76 \\times 10^{20}\\) protons on target producing \\(\\nu_{mu}\\) and \\(\\overline{\\nu_\\mu}\\) beams and 60.75 kt\\(\\cdot\\)yr exposure to atmospheric neutrinos. The measurement of the disappearance of \\(\\nu_{\\mu}\\) and the appearance of \\(\\nu_e\\) events between the Near and Far detectors yields \\(|\\Delta m^2_{32}|=2.40^{+0.08}_{-0.09}~(2.45^{+0.07}_{-0.08}) \\times 10^{-3}\\) eV\\(^2\\) and \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{23} = 0.43^{+0.20}_{-0.04} ~(0.42^{+0.07}_{-0.03})\\) at 68% C.L. for Normal (Inverted) Hierarchy.

A search for mixing between active neutrinos and light sterile neutrinos has been performed by looking for muon neutrino disappearance in two detectors at baselines of 1.04 km and 735 km, using a combined MINOS and MINOS+ exposure of \\(16.36\\times10^{20}\\) protons-on-target. A simultaneous fit to the charged-current muon neutrino and neutral-current neutrino energy spectra in the two detectors yields no evidence for sterile neutrino mixing using a 3+1 model. The most stringent limit to date is set on the mixing parameter \\(\\sin^2\\theta_{24}\\) for most values of the sterile neutrino mass-splitting \\(\\Delta m^2_{41} > 10^{-4}\\) eV\\(^2\\).

We report new constraints on the size of large extra dimensions from data collected by the MINOS experiment between 2005 and 2012. Our analysis employs a model in which sterile neutrinos arise as Kaluza-Klein states in large extra dimensions and thus modify the neutrino oscillation probabilities due to mixing between active and sterile neutrino states. Using Fermilab's NuMI beam exposure of \\(10.56 \\times 10^{20}\\) protons-on-target, we combine muon neutrino charged current and neutral current data sets from the Near and Far Detectors and observe no evidence for deviations from standard three-flavor neutrino oscillations. The ratios of reconstructed energy spectra in the two detectors constrain the size of large extra dimensions to be smaller than \\(0.45\\,\\mu\\text{m}\\) at 90% C.L. in the limit of a vanishing lightest active neutrino mass. Stronger limits are obtained for non-vanishing masses.

We report results of a search for oscillations involving a light sterile neutrino over distances of 1.04 and \\(735\\,\\mathrm{km}\\) in a \\(\\nu_{\\mu}\\)-dominated beam with a peak energy of \\(3\\,\\mathrm{GeV}\\). The data, from an exposure of \\(10.56\\times 10^{20}\\,\\textrm{protons on target}\\), are analyzed using a phenomenological model with one sterile neutrino. We constrain the mixing parameters \\(\\theta_{24}\\) and \\(\\Delta m^{2}_{41}\\) and set limits on parameters of the four-dimensional Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix, \\(|U_{\\mu 4}|^{2}\\) and \\(|U_{\\tau 4}|^{2}\\), under the assumption that mixing between \\(\\nu_{e}\\) and \\(\\nu_{s}\\) is negligible (\\(|U_{e4}|^{2}=0\\)). No evidence for \\(\\nu_{\\mu} \\to \\nu_{s}\\) transitions is found and we set a world-leading limit on \\(\\theta_{24}\\) for values of \\(\\Delta m^{2}_{41} \\lesssim 1\\,\\mathrm{eV}^{2}\\).

The charge ratio, \\(R_\\mu = N_{\\mu^+}/N_{\\mu^-}\\), for cosmogenic multiple-muon events observed at an under- ground depth of 2070 mwe has been measured using the magnetized MINOS Far Detector. The multiple-muon events, recorded nearly continuously from August 2003 until April 2012, comprise two independent data sets imaged with opposite magnetic field polarities, the comparison of which allows the systematic uncertainties of the measurement to be minimized. The multiple-muon charge ratio is determined to be \\(R_\\mu = 1.104 \\pm 0.006 {\\rm \\,(stat.)} ^{+0.009}_{-0.010} {\\rm \\,(syst.)} \\). This measurement complements previous determinations of single-muon and multiple-muon charge ratios at underground sites and serves to constrain models of cosmic ray interactions at TeV energies.