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Child discipline, while intended to instill appropriate behavior, often manifests as violent practices in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. Maternal exposure to violence, attitude towards intimate partner violence (IPV), and disciplinary beliefs serve as key determinants of physical disciplinary practices. These dynamics illustrate how exposure to violence in adulthood can shape parenting behaviors, highlighting the urgency of addressing cultural attitudes that sustain harsh physical discipline. This study analyzed nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2019 Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) which included 30044 mother-child (children aged between 2 and 14 years) pairs. Physical disciplinary practice is analyzed as an ordered outcome, considering maternal experience of physical violence as the primary exposure along with their attitudes toward IPV and disciplinary beliefs as mediators. This study used ordinal logistic regression within a structural equation modeling framework and bootstrapping technique to analyze indirect associations, providing robust inference that accounts for sampling variability and accommodates binary mediators. Mothers exposed to violence had significantly higher odds of physically disciplining their children (odds ratio, OR=1.77 and 95% confidence interval, CI=[1.60, 1.95]). Three mediators significantly increased the odds of adopting harsh physical disciplinary practice by 2% through maternal positive attitudes toward IPV, by 51% through their disciplinary beliefs, and by 6% through their overall life satisfaction. The total association indicated that maternal exposure to violence nearly tripled the odds (OR = 2.89 and 95% CI= [2.52, 3.31]) of physical disciplinary practices. This study suggested that supportive environment for children can be fostered by reducing violence against women, promoting mothers' life satisfaction, and reshaping women's perceptions of spousal abuse and disciplinary beliefs.

Climate change, as a defining issue of the current time, is causing severe heat-related illness in the context of extremely hot weather conditions. In Japan, the remarkable temperature increase in summer caused by an urban heat island and climate change has become a threat to public health in recent years. This study aimed to determine the potential risk factors for heatstroke by analysing data extracted from the records of emergency transport to the hospital due to heatstroke in Fukuoka City, Japan. In this regard, a negative binomial regression model was used to account for overdispersion in the data. Age-structure analyses of heatstroke patients were also embodied to identify the sub-population of Fukuoka City with the highest susceptibility. The daily maximum temperature and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), along with differences in both the mean temperature and time-weighted temperature from those of the consecutive past days were detected as significant risk factors for heatstroke. Results indicated that there was a positive association between the resulting risk factors and the probability of heatstroke occurrence. The elderly of Fukuoka City aged 70 years or older were found to be the most vulnerable to heatstroke. Most of the aforementioned risk factors also encountered significant and positive associations with the risk of heatstroke occurrence for the group with highest susceptibility. These results can provide insights for health professionals and stakeholders in designing their strategies to reduce heatstroke patients and to secure the emergency transport systems in summer.

This study aims to estimate the avoided mortalities and morbidities and related economic impacts due to adopting the nonmotorized transportation (NMT) policy in Delhi, India. To this aim, an integrated quantitative assessment framework is developed to estimate the expected environmental, health, and economic co-benefits from replacing personal motorized transport with NMT in Delhi, taking into account the inhabitants’ willingness to use NMT (walking and cycling) mode. The willingness to accept NMT is estimated by conducting a cross-sectional survey in Delhi, which is further used to estimate the expected health benefits from both increased physical activity and near-roadway-avoided PM2.5 exposure in selected traffic areas in 11 major districts in Delhi. The value of a statistical life (VSL) and cost of illness methods are used to calculate the economic benefits of the avoided mortalities and morbidities from NMT in Delhi. The willingness assessment indicates that the average per capita time spent walking and cycling in Delhi is 11.054 and 2.255 min, respectively. The results from the application of the NMT in Delhi show the annual reduction in CO2 and PM2.5 to be 121.5 kilotons and 138.9 tons, respectively. The model estimates the expected co-benefits from increased physical activities and reduced PM2.5 exposure at 17,529 avoided cases of mortality with an associated savings of about USD 4870 million in Delhi.

Global climate change has expedited the growth of renewable generation worldwide, particularly in Japan, which aims to attain carbon neutrality by 2050. Rapid increases in rooftop photovoltaic power and grid constraints in Japan have highlighted the need for efficient demand-management strategies for residential sectors. Under this background, identification of flexible consumers can be decisive for planning demand response (DR) programmes. This study analysed longitudinal data on electricity demand from 2013 to 2014 in a residential building of Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Score analyses quantified individual DR potentials of air-conditioning (AC) loads, a promising DR resource for domestic consumers. Next, the k-medoids clustering approach classified target households and quantile regression models identified household clusters with a high DR potential. Behavioural traits such as the frequency, peak-hour propensity, and grid adversity of AC use depicted the higher AC consumption, larger dwelling size, and daytime occupancy as influential characteristics to increase the potency of DR programmes. Thus, scrutinising the consumers’ attributes and AC-usage patterns, this study revealed valuable implications for ramping up DR schemes and contributed to a sustainable energy future.

A statistical analysis of the 2‐year electricity consumption of 479 dwellings in a residential building was conducted to determine annual peak events and their contributing factors for four different aggregations of sizes 3, 10, 50, and 479. The diverse U‐shaped relationships between outdoor temperature and peak demand occurrence and the impact of the part of the week/year were identified for different aggregation sizes using generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models. Furthermore, the contribution of each appliance on reducing the annual peak demand according to the aggregation size was clarified. The result indicates the significant demand response potential of living/dining room outlets and air conditioners, with a 15%–25% contribution to the peak demand in the interquartile range (IQR), regardless of the aggregation level. In addition, refrigerators contributed 10%–15% to the peak demand for the aggregation of sizes 10 and 479.

IntroductionChild discipline, while intended to instill appropriate behavior, often manifests as violent practices in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. Maternal exposure to violence, attitude towards intimate partner violence (IPV), and disciplinary beliefs serve as key determinants of physical disciplinary practices. These dynamics illustrate how exposure to violence in adulthood can shape parenting behaviors, highlighting the urgency of addressing cultural attitudes that sustain harsh physical discipline.Materials and methodsThis study analyzed nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2019 Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) which included 30044 mother-child (children aged between 2 and 14 years) pairs. Physical disciplinary practice is analyzed as an ordered outcome, considering maternal experience of physical violence as the primary exposure along with their attitudes toward IPV and disciplinary beliefs as mediators. This study used ordinal logistic regression within a structural equation modeling framework and bootstrapping technique to analyze indirect associations, providing robust inference that accounts for sampling variability and accommodates binary mediators.ResultsMothers exposed to violence had significantly higher odds of physically disciplining their children (odds ratio, OR=1.77 and 95% confidence interval, CI=[1.60, 1.95]). Three mediators significantly increased the odds of adopting harsh physical disciplinary practice by 2% through maternal positive attitudes toward IPV, by 51% through their disciplinary beliefs, and by 6% through their overall life satisfaction. The total association indicated that maternal exposure to violence nearly tripled the odds (OR = 2.89 and 95% CI= [2.52, 3.31]) of physical disciplinary practices.ConclusionThis study suggested that supportive environment for children can be fostered by reducing violence against women, promoting mothers' life satisfaction, and reshaping women's perceptions of spousal abuse and disciplinary beliefs.

This study aims to estimate the avoided mortalities and morbidities and related economic impacts due to adopting the nonmotorized transportation (NMT) policy in Delhi, India. To this aim, an integrated quantitative assessment framework is developed to estimate the expected environmental, health, and economic co-benefits from replacing personal motorized transport with NMT in Delhi, taking into account the inhabitants' willingness to use NMT (walking and cycling) mode. The willingness to accept NMT is estimated by conducting a cross-sectional survey in Delhi, which is further used to estimate the expected health benefits from both increased physical activity and near-roadway-avoided PM exposure in selected traffic areas in 11 major districts in Delhi. The value of a statistical life (VSL) and cost of illness methods are used to calculate the economic benefits of the avoided mortalities and morbidities from NMT in Delhi. The willingness assessment indicates that the average per capita time spent walking and cycling in Delhi is 11.054 and 2.255 min, respectively. The results from the application of the NMT in Delhi show the annual reduction in CO and PM to be 121.5 kilotons and 138.9 tons, respectively. The model estimates the expected co-benefits from increased physical activities and reduced PM exposure at 17,529 avoided cases of mortality with an associated savings of about USD 4870 million in Delhi.