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This article explores the transformative potential of crowdfunding as a catalyst for financial inclusion, with a particular focus on its impact on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Through a theoretical analysis of the state of financial inclusion of SMEs in the MENA region, this article illustrates how crowdfunding acts as a game- changer for SMEs. The study reveals that crowdfunding serves as a powerful tool in dismantling barriers that have traditionally hindered SMEs from accessing essential financing by reducing transaction costs and streamlining documentation requirements.

This paper aims to examine the most important potential implications of the Brexit on the economies of the EU and the UK, taking into consideration the current situation of high uncertainty regarding the future economic relationship between them after the implementation of the Brexit officially. The main results show that the expectations indicate that the Brexit will cause significant losses to both parties, whatever the agreed scenario, and these expectations suggest that the losses will be greater on the UK than on the EU. However, there is still an opportunity to minimizing losses to the lowest possible levels.

This research paper aims to know the extent of the contribution of the tourism industry to alleviating unemployment in Algeria, by an econometric study in which we have used an autoregressive distributed lag approach applied to the annual time series for tourism employment that represent the percentage of the contribution of the tourism sector In employment to the total employment employed nationally, and the unemployment rate during the period from 1995 to 2018. The study concluded that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between tourism employment and unemployment rates, which means that unemployment rates responds to changes in tourism employment in the long term, and since this relationship is inverse and significant, it is possible to rely on tourism as a strategic option in addressing unemployment at the long term.

This study examines the evolving hydrogen sector in Arab countries within the context of energy transition strategies, emphasizing the interplay with the natural gas industry. It analyzes current developments, futurs prospects, and recent policy decisions regarding sustainable hydrogen production. Additionally, it highlights the potential synergies between natural gas and hydrogen, leveraging existing infrastructure and expertise. The study underscores the pivotal role of both hydrogen and natural gas in diversifying energy sources, addressing environmental challenges, and fostering economic growth through export opportunities, aligning with the Sustainable Development Plan for 2030.

This research aims to analyze the multidimensional situation of poverty in some Arab countries compared to using other poverty indicators, and then to present proposals for their inclusion in the national and regional strategies concerned with combating this phenomenon in these countries. The results of the study show that Arab countries face serious challenges in reducing poverty, because the estimates indicate that the level of poverty is deep. Therefore, the indicators of absolute income poverty alone, or even the multidimensional poverty index, cannot be considered sufficient to express the level of fragility and cohesion of society in the Arab countries, as they do not take into account the level of individuals' access to basic services and their aspirations and future expectations.

This research aims to study the importance of tourism development as an entry point to achieve development, through a study of the concept of tourism and tourism development, and to address tourism development in Algeria in accordance with the national guide plan for tourism preparation, with an analytical study of the implications of tourism development on development in Algeria, and we relied on a descriptive approach to describe variables of the study and an attempt to analyze the links between them with the case study of Algeria. Through this paper, we concluded that tourism development contributes to development in general, by revitalizing and developing economic activities associated with tourism activity, in GDP, at the level of employment, and strengthening the balance of payments. And with regard to Algeria, its contribution is still weak in employment due to the challenges. And the obstacles that accompany the development of the tourism sector in Algeria, which have a role in enhancing the domestic product; However, its contribution is still weak and modestly compared to the contribution of other sectors, and this weak contribution of the tourism sector development in Algeria is due to several challenges that tourism continues to suffer from despite the plan for its advancement and development, which has been underlined by the horizons of 2025.

This study aims to show the importance of Algeria transformation to renewable energies, taking into account the economic reality of the country, where fossil energies, especially gas, are still of the utmost importance. In our study, we will focus on the optimal and potential energy combination of the Algerian economy. The results of study show the important place of the \"gas\" and \"renewable energies\" elements in a successful energy transformation process in Algeria.