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The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey. A high-resolution gene expression atlas of prenatal and postnatal brain development of rhesus monkey charts global transcriptional dynamics in relation to brain maturation, while comparative analysis reveals human-specific gene trajectories; candidate risk genes associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders tend to be co-expressed in disease-specific patterns in the developing monkey neocortex. Gene expression in the primate brain Following the publication of the mouse and human brain gene expression atlases in recent years, Ed Lein and colleagues now present a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of pre- and post-natal brain development for the rhesus monkey — the dominant non-human primate model for human brain development and disease. The data charts global transcriptional dynamics in relation to brain maturation, while comparative analysis reveals human-specific gene trajectories; candidate risk genes associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders tend to be co-expressed in disease-specific patterns in the developing monkey neocortex.

Ministry leaders feel a profound sense of calling to their vocation. Over the lifetime of their vocational life, most ministry leaders experience internal phenomenon characterized as difficult seasons of ministry. These seasons come in all shapes and sizes. Difficult ministry seasons range in length, causes and effects. Is there a commonality to how ministry leaders successfully navigate or get through difficult seasons of ministry? What are the “best practices” of perseverance and resilience that can be helpful to ministry leaders? The purpose of this project was to identify ways in which ministry leaders got through difficult seasons of ministry in order to be a help for those ministry leaders who will be, or find themselves in difficult seasons of ministry. The project utilized a post-intervention research model. The data was analyzed through a grounded theory research lens. The research pool consisted of all active and retired clergy of the Peninsula-Delaware Annual Conference of The United Methodist Church. This project first found that most difficult seasons are caused by outside forces or people other than the ministry leader. Secondly, the project identified difficult seasons of ministry cause ministry leaders to seriously doubt their vocational calling and consider leaving the ministry. The project thirdly found that difficult seasons drive ministry leaders toward God. Lastly, the project discovered that a dedicated practice of spiritual disciplines help ministry leaders navigate the difficult seasons of ministry.