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By 2050, population growth and climate change will lead to increased demand for food and water. Nanoparticles (NPs), an advanced technology, can be applied to many areas of agriculture, including crop protection and growth enhancement, to build sustainable agricultural production. Ionic gelation method is a synthesis of microparticles or NPs, based on an electrostatic interaction between opposite charge types that contains at least one polymer under mechanical stirring conditions. NPs, which are commonly based on chitosan (CS), have been applied to many agricultural fields, including nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, and nanoherbicides. The CS-NP or CS-NPs-loaded active ingredients (Cu, saponin, harpin, Zn, hexaconazole, salicylic acid (SA), NPK, thiamine, silicon, and silver (Ag)) are effective in controlling plant diseases and enhancing plant growth, depending on the concentration and application method by direct and indirect mechanisms, and have attracted much attention in the last five years. Many crops have been evaluated in in vivo or in greenhouse conditions but only maize (CS-NP-loaded Cu, Zn, SA, and silicon) and soybean (CS-NP-loaded Cu) were tested for manage post flowering stalk rot, Curvularia leaf spot, and bacterial pustule disease in field condition. Since 2019, five of eight studies have been performed in field conditions that have shown interest in CS-NPs synthesized by the ionic gelation method. In this review, we summarized the current state of research and provided a forward-looking view of the use of CS-NPs in plant disease management.

Leaf spot is one of the most important cassava diseases. Nanotechnology can be applied to control diseases and improve plant growth. This study was performed to prepare chitosan (CS) nanoparticle (NP)-loaded salicylic acid (SA) or silver (Ag) by the ionic gelation method, and to evaluate their effectiveness on reducing leaf spot disease and enhancing the growth of cassava plants. The CS (0.4 or 0.5%) and Pentasodium triphosphate (0.2 or 0.5%) were mixed with SA varying at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2% or silver nitrate varying at 1, 2, or 3 mM to prepare three formulations of CS-NP-loaded SA named N1, N2, and N3 or CS-NP-loaded Ag named N4, N5, and N6. The results showed that the six formulations were not toxic to cassava leaves up to 800 ppm. The CS-NP-loaded SA (N3) and CS-NP-loaded Ag (N6) were more effective than the remaining formulations in reducing the disease severity and the disease index of leaf spot. Furthermore, N3 at 400 ppm and N6 at 200, 400, and 800 ppm could reduce disease severity (68.9–73.6% or 37.0–37.7%, depending on the time of treatment and the pathogen density) and enhance plant growth more than or equal to commercial fungicide or nano-fungicide products under net-house conditions. The study indicates the potential to use CS-NP-loaded SA or Ag as elicitors to manage cassava leaf spot disease.

Cassava is an economically important food crop in Thailand. Leaf spot is important disease on cassava, could cause yield loss up to 30%. The fungicides play an important role for control plant disease but it showed high potential for residue problem, phytopathogens resistance and environmental pollution. The nanoparticles (NPs) are an ecologically promising way to manage plant disease. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticle (CS-NP) formulations on reducing (1) cassava leaf spot by applying methods (pre-inoculation and post-inoculation) at net-house and (2) potential virulence of Alternaria alternata in detached leaves. The results showed that the control efficacy of the mean both applying methods was 39.79–43.62% in CS-NP formulations, which similar with flutriafol (39.66%) and significantly higher than other solutions. Moreover, the CS-NP loaded salicylic acid 400 ppm (T8) and CS-NP loaded silver 200 ppm (T9) could inhibit conidial germination by 32.51 and 23.25%, respectively. The soaking of A. alternata H-Vi 7 plugs into these two solutions could inhibit mycelia growth and their potential virulence causing rot lesions in detached leaves by 42.26 and 51.11%. While spraying T8 and T9 inhibited rot diameter by 44.95 and 42.79%, respectively. However, the flutriafol fungicide was the highest inhibition, with 70.02% in soaking, 58.41% in spraying. Furthermore, these solutions caused higher cell death/live rate than the zinc oxide NP but lower than flutriafol fungicide. These results indicated CS-NPs loaded salicylic acid and silver can be used as promising solution in cassava leaf spot management.