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γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inputs are strategically positioned to gate synaptic integration along the dendritic arbor of pyramidal cells. However, their spatiotemporal dynamics during behavior are poorly understood. Using an optical-tagging electrophysiological approach to record and label somatostatin-expressing (Sst) interneurons (GABAergic neurons specialized for dendritic inhibition), we discovered a layer-specific modulation of their activity in behaving mice. Sst interneuron subtypes, residing in different cortical layers and innervating complementary laminar domains, exhibited opposite activity changes during transitions to active wakefulness. The relative weight of vasoactive intestinal peptide–expressing (Vip) interneuron–mediated inhibition of distinct Sst interneurons and cholinergic modulation determined their in vivo activity. These results reveal a state-dependent laminar influence of Sst interneuron–mediated inhibition, with implications for the compartmentalized regulation of dendritic signaling in the mammalian neocortex.

The ability to target and manipulate specific neuronal populations is crucial for understanding brain function. In this report, the authors describe a novel virus that restricts gene expression to telencephalic GABAergic interneurons, allowing for morphological visualization, activity monitoring and functional manipulation of interneurons in mice and in non-genetically tractable species. A fundamental impediment to understanding the brain is the availability of inexpensive and robust methods for targeting and manipulating specific neuronal populations. The need to overcome this barrier is pressing because there are considerable anatomical, physiological, cognitive and behavioral differences between mice and higher mammalian species in which it is difficult to specifically target and manipulate genetically defined functional cell types. In particular, it is unclear the degree to which insights from mouse models can shed light on the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive functions in higher species, including humans. Here we describe a novel recombinant adeno-associated virus that restricts gene expression to GABAergic interneurons within the telencephalon. We demonstrate that the viral expression is specific and robust, allowing for morphological visualization, activity monitoring and functional manipulation of interneurons in both mice and non-genetically tractable species, thus opening the possibility to study GABAergic function in virtually any vertebrate species.

The basal forebrain cholinergic system projects broadly throughout the cortex and constitutes a critical source of neuromodulation for arousal and attention. Traditionally, this system was thought to function diffusely. However, recent studies have revealed a high degree of spatiotemporal specificity in cholinergic signaling. How the organization of cholinergic afferents confers this level of precision remains unknown. Here, using intersectional genetic fate mapping, we demonstrate that cholinergic fibers within the mouse cortex exhibit remarkable laminar and regional specificity and that this is organized in accordance with cellular birthdate. Strikingly, birthdated cholinergic projections within the cortex follow an inside-out pattern of innervation. While early born cholinergic populations target deep layers, late born ones innervate superficial laminae. We also find that birthdate predicts cholinergic innervation patterns within the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Our work reveals previously unappreciated specificity within the cholinergic system and the developmental logic by which these circuits are assembled.

Esr1 + cells in the VMHvl are well known to influence female sexual behaviors. Here the authors find a surprising new role of this population in female aggression. They further reveal that the female VMHvl contains two molecularly and anatomically distinct subdivisions: one for aggression and one for sex. As an essential means of resolving conflicts, aggression is expressed by both sexes but often at a higher level in males than in females. Recent studies suggest that cells in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) that express estrogen receptor-α (Esr1) and progesterone receptor are essential for male but not female mouse aggression. In contrast, here we show that VMHvl Esr1+ cells are indispensable for female aggression. This population was active when females attacked naturally. Inactivation of these cells reduced female aggression whereas their activation elicited attack. Additionally, we found that female VMHvl contains two anatomically distinguishable subdivisions that showed differential gene expression, projection and activation patterns after mating and fighting. These results support an essential role of the VMHvl in both male and female aggression and reveal the existence of two previously unappreciated subdivisions in the female VMHvl that are involved in distinct social behaviors.

A microcosm of the strategies and implications of the recyclopedia, these two contiguous poems suggest that poems and people can call to one another across pages, books, and myriad other divides. [...] they model for their readers the active and engaged process of the recyclopedia.

[...]he holds himself apart or 'of the margin' exactly on the basis of what, in large part owing to Williams, has become a pet obsession for many American poets-the idea of locality\" (75). Forged in and foregrounding diaspora and its histories, Mackey's work shares Language Writing's privileging of language and theories of signification, New Narrative's re-invention and re-working of narrative, and Duncan's fictional depth and constructions of subjectivity-however provisional. 1 All of these writers intersect in their centering of the potential of the social, however differently imagined-the Language Writers had their collective group; New Narrative, after Duncan, Blaser, and Spicer, its 'gay band'; and in Mackey's work, there is the band, or better, the ensemble.2 Additionally, Mackey's work participates in a long, if until recently mostly unacknowledged, history of literary experimentation by Black writers. Set at the outset of June 1978, the books in this series are composed of letters written by \"N\" who is part of an avantgarde band in Los Angeles comprised at its inception of four other musicians, Penguin, Lambert, Djamilaa, and Aunt Nancy (drummer Drennette joins the band in Djbot Baghostus's Run). The letters and the materials en- closed in them (lectures/librettos, drawings, and a variety of other texts) are addressed to the enigmatic \"Dear Angel of Dust\" and prompt N to detail the band's development-originally called the \"Deconstructive Woodwind Chorus\"-and to engage in unbounded theoretical and poetic investigations of music, race, history, ontology, and a plethora of other topics.

The only thing that interested them was a satisfactory expression of their own lives, concretely rendered.1 Guy Debord, Sur le passage de quelques personnes a travers une assez courte unité de temps Forty years after the second issue of the San Francisco 'low-fi' mimeozine SOUP devoted itself to New Narrative, which by all reasonable expectations ought to have been an ephemeral movement memorialized at the moment of its nomination-the sort of phenomenon that Guy Debord called \"the passage of a few persons through a rather brief moment in time\"-it may be safe to say that New Narrative has at last become 'a thing,' having found its traction in the academy as well as in the community, and among a generation of emerging scholars, artists, poets, and writers.2 Debord, of course, was referring to a more ambitiously self-styled 'movement,' or 'anti-movement,' whereas New Narrative lacked the requisite determination to be either. [...]what it lacked in ambition, New Narrative compensated for in its joint commitments to literary experiment and community life, commitments strong enough to attract a still expanding band of fellow-travelers engaged with experimental literatures, sexual politics, queer histories, and community archives. In Spreadeagle (2012)-a novel whose writing spans nearly two decades-Kevin Killian captures this dimension of the movement with all the extravagance of his inimitable similes, while describing the work of Sam D'Allesandro, a writer associated with New Narrative who died of AIDS in 1988 and who returns to life in Killian's writing: \"He had put poetry aside and was writing prose now, longish prose narratives, texts that explored and deconstructed the idea of a self while spreading transgressive sex thick across the page like butter across a slice of toast\" (67). [...]he adds, it \"is filled with co-conspirators from the other side and some of its loyalties are to the other side (family, straight friends, et al.)\" (117).

Dendritic inhibition strategically gates synaptic integration along the dendritic arbor of neocortical pyramidal cells, which could regulate the differential impact of incoming signals during specific behavioral contexts. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal pattern of dendritic inhibition in neocortex during behavior. Using a new electrophysiological recording method in behaving mice here we show a layer-specific remodeling of the inhibitory action of somatostatin-expressing interneurons, a major class of GABAergic neuron specialized for dendritic inhibition. Somatostatin interneuron subtypes, residing in different cortical layers and innervating distinct laminar domains, exhibited strikingly different activity patterns during active wakefulness. Differential strength of Vip-expressing interneuron inhibitory inputs to distinct somatostatin interneurons and cholinergic modulation determined their in vivo activity patterns. These results reveal a context-dependent laminar remodeling of somatostatin interneuron-mediated inhibition, with implications for compartmentalized regulation of dendritic signaling in the mammalian neocortex during behavior.

Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1743–1749 (2016); published online 31 October 2016; corrected after print 29 November 2016 In the version of this article initially published, authors Joshua S. Grimley, Anne-Rachel Krostag and Ajamete Kaykas were missing. These authors have been inserted into the author list after Jianhua Chu; they are at the Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, USA, and performed experiments related to hESCs.