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Background Cancers are as common in individuals with intellectual disabilities as in the general population (GP). For the subgroup of people with profound and multiple disabilities (PMD) who present with both severe intellectual disability and major motor disorders, the frequency and distribution of cancers are currently not known, preventing proper cancer surveillance. Methods We carried out a systematic and synthetic review of the medical literature, including a focused search of Japanese data. Results The total risk of cancer in individuals with PMD is thought to be lower than in the GP, possibly due to a shorter life expectancy. They have reduced exposure to cancer risk factors, such as alcohol, tobacco, sunlight, human papillomavirus infection, occupational toxins, and being overweight. On the other hand, individuals with PMD present a greater frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, chronic cystitis, and cryptorchidism, which increase the risk for cancer of the esophagus, stomach, urinary bladder, and testes. In addition, certain genetic disorders underlying compromised motor and cognitive functions are associated with higher risk of childhood cancers. An analysis of 135 cancers in persons with PMD in Japan suggested that they present a particular tumor profile, with certain cancers rarer than in the GP, whereas cancers of the digestive tract are frequent. Cancers of the digestive tract occurred significantly earlier than in the GP (colon: average age 48.3 years vs. 71.3 years in the GP, esophagus: 39 years vs. 72 years in the GP). An increasing number of therapeutic successes in children and adults with PMD have been reported in different countries when cancers are discovered early. Conclusion Individuals with PMD must be appropriately monitored for cancer. Screenings for breast and colon cancer, as well as regular monitoring of the esophagus, stomach, urinary bladder, and testicles, are necessary. Population-based epidemiological studies are needed to better understand risk factors, frequency, and distribution of cancers in the PMD population.

Objective: We evaluate ovarian cancer (OC) in women with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: We reviewed the literature and added personal observations. The literature search included data from epidemiological studies on cancer incidence and mortality, institutional experiences, and case reports. We also used data from the Hérault Tumor Registry (HTR) in southern France. Results: A total of 72 articles met the inclusion criteria, which included 41 cases of OC. The review yielded 29 (74%) germ cell tumors, mainly in girls and young women, and only 4 (10%) ovarian carcinomas, all in adult women. In contrast, the HTR contained six cases of OC and one borderline tumor in adult women with ID aged > 45 years, but no cancer in children and adolescents with ID. These OC cases in adults were discovered at an advanced stage. We found that symptoms revealing OC in women with ID do not differ from those in the general population. However, diagnosis is more complicated in women with ID because they do not communicate easily and may express pain and unease in an unusual way, often through behavioral changes. Conclusion: OC could be as frequent in women with ID as in the general population and discovered at a late stage. The literature review indicates that girls and adolescents with ID develop mainly germ cell OC, and few carcinomas have been reported in women with ID. In contrast, the HTR was similar to the general population, with carcinomas in women with ID and no OC in children with ID.

Prostate cancer remains the most frequent cancer among men, representing a significant health burden. Despite its high morbidity and mortality rates, the etiology of prostate cancer remains relatively unknown, with only non-modifiable established risk factors. Chronic inflammation has emerged as a potential factor in prostate carcinogenesis. We investigated the role of kidney and gallbladder stones and the risk of prostate cancer. We used data from EPICAP, a population-based case-control study. A total of 819 diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 879 controls were face-to-face interviewed using a standardized questionnaire that collected information on personal medical history, including history of kidney and gallbladder stones. Odds Ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Our study revealed intriguing patterns regarding kidney and gallbladder stones in relation to prostate cancer risk. The analysis indicated significant potential associations between kidney stones and the risk of prostate cancer (OR: 1.46 95% CI: 1.13-1.90), particularly in men with a history of kidney infection. Additionally, our data suggested a possible relationship between gallbladder stones and prostate cancer when considering triglyceride (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 0.99-5.28), although further research is needed for a conclusive understanding. Our results suggest an association between calculi and the risk of prostate cancer. Findings from this study underscore the need for a more comprehensive investigation to understand the role of chronic inflammation or metabolism and delineate the mechanisms underlying these potential associations in order to guide the development of targeted preventive strategies for aggressive prostate cancer.

Background Prostate cancer patients are known to suffer from poor sexual and urinary long-term side-effects following treatment, potentially impacting quality of life. The purpose of our study was to compare health-related quality of life at 3 years between prostate cancer patients and healthy controls according to key life-style characteristics. Secondary objectives were to compare urological dysfunction, sexual function, anxiety and depression. Methods Multicentric, case-control, observational prospective, open, follow-up study including 819 prostate cancer patients < 75 years old from the EPICAP cohort, newly diagnosed from 1 December 2011 to 31 March 2014 and 879 healthy controls. Participants were excluded if they experienced a relapse. Controls from the same geographical region were age-matched and were excluded if they were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Patients received one of the following treatments: active surveillance (AS), radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), chemotherapy (CT), or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as appropriate. The primary outcome was the quality of life as evaluated by the QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Scores were analyzed by multivariate analysis to adjust for predefined socio-demographic confounding effects. Results In total, 564 participants were included (mean age 67.9 years): 376 patients and 188 controls. Treatment breakdown was: 258 underwent RP, 90 received EBRT, 52 brachytherapy or HIFU, 15 CT, 26 ADT and 61 AS. There was no difference in median global quality of life between patients and controls (94.87 vs 94.15, p  = 0.71). Multivariate analysis showed poorer social functioning in patients (24.3% vs. 16.3%, p  = 0.0209), more dyspnea (22% vs. 12.4%, p  = 0.0078), and yet less current pain (23% vs 33%, p  = 0.0151). Conclusions Global health status score at 3 years after diagnosis was similar between patients and controls, though patients showed a significantly worse social functioning. Prostate cancer diagnosis per se does not seem to impact the quality of life of patients < 75 years at diagnosis. However, the therapeutic option that will be chosen following diagnosis should be carefully discussed with the medical staff in terms of benefit-risk ratios as it could have a long-term impact on urinary or erectile dysfunction. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02854982 . Registered 4 August 2016, retrospectively registered.

Primary central nervous system tumors (PCNST) are rare tumors responsible for high mortality and morbidity. Their epidemiology is poorly known, and clinical data are scarcely analyzed at a national level. In this study, we aimed at providing descriptive epidemiological data and incidence rates for all histological subtypes of PCNST according to the WHO classification. We conducted a nationwide population-based study of all newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed PCNST in France, between 2006 and 2011. A total of 57,816 patients were included: male 46.4%, median age at diagnosis 56 years old (range 0–99). For all newly diagnosed PCNST with histological confirmation the crude incidence rate was 15.5/10 5 per 100,000 person-years. To enable international comparisons, standardized rates were calculated: 14.1/10 5 (population of reference: USA), 14.5/10 5 (population of reference: Europe), and 12.0/10 5 (population of reference: world). 23.4% of samples were cryopreserved. Resection was performed in 79.1% of cases. Results are detailed (incidence rate, sex ratio, median age at diagnosis, number of cryopreserved samples, and type of surgery) for each of the 143 histological subtypes of PCNST, including all rare tumors. For example, incidence rates (population of reference: USA) were 0.018/10 5 for anaplastic gangliogliomas, 0.054/10 5 for malignant meningiomas, and 0.036/10 5 for hemangiopericytomas. Our study is the first to describe incidence rates and epidemiological data for all histological subtypes of PCNST, including rare tumors, at a national level. Its methodology ensures the exhaustiveness of the data collection for histologically-proven cases. Histological population-based studies have many perspectives in the field of clinical epidemiology and research.

Background Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in France, and mainly affects the elderly. The primary objective of this study was to compare treatment of ovarian cancer according to age. Methods All patients with invasive cancer ( n  = 1151) diagnosed between 1997 and 2011 in the Herault Department of southern France were included. Demographic data (age, area of residence), cancer characteristics (stage, histology, grade) and treatment modality (type, period and location of treatment) were analysed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to compare treatment by age. Results Ovarian cancer was less treated in elderly compared to younger patients, regardless of the type of treatment. This difference was more pronounced for chemotherapy, and was maximal for surgery followed by chemotherapy (odds ratio (OR) for surgery for patients aged >70 vs those aged <70 years = 0.47 [0.24–0.91], OR for chemotherapy, age >70 vs <70 = 0.30 [0.16–0.55] and OR for surgery plus chemotherapy, age >70 vs <70 = 0.14 [0.08–0.28]). This effect of age was independent of other variables, including stage and grade. The probability of receiving standard treatment, in accordance with recommendations, was reduced by 50 % in elderly patients compared to their younger counterparts. Overall and net survival of elderly patients with standard treatment was similar to those of younger patients treated outside standard treatment. Conclusions Elderly women with ovarian cancer were therapeutically disadvantaged compared to younger women. Further studies including co morbidities are necessary to refine these results and to improve therapeutic management of elderly patients with ovarian cancer.

Young women are not usually screened for breast cancer (BC). The trends in incidence in this population may better reflect changes in risk factors. However, studies on this subject are scarce and heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to describe the trends in incidence of BC in women under 40 from 1990 to 2008, using pooled European data. Thirty-seven European population-based cancer registries from Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland participated in this study. World age-standardized incidence rates were first analyzed graphically and then using a Poisson regression model, in order to estimate average annual percent changes (AAPCs). The overall incidence rate of BC in the area covered increased linearly during the study period by 1.19% (0.93; 1.46) on average per year. This increase varied between countries from 0.20% (−0.53; 0.64) in Bulgaria to 2.68% (1.97; 3.40) in Portugal. In Italy, after a significant rise of 2.33% (1.14; 3.54) per year, BC incidence began decreasing in 2002 by −2.30% (−4.07; −0.50) yearly. The rise in incidence was greater for women under 35 and for ductal carcinomas. This increase can be due to a rise in risk factors and/or changes in diagnosis and surveillance practices, but we could not clearly distinguish between these two non-exclusive explanations.

Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is by far the most common type of cancer among men in western countries. However, relatively little is known about its etiology despite the high morbidity and mortality. It has been suggested that chronic inflammation may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. We investigated the role of sexually and non‐sexually transmitted infections in prostate cancer risk with a specific interest in the aggressive types. Methods We used data from epidemiological study of prostate cancer (EPICAP), a population‐based case–control study. A total of 819 incident cases and 879 controls were interviewed face‐to‐face using a standardized questionnaire gathering information on known or suspected risk factors of prostate cancer and personal history of specific sexually and non‐sexually transmitted infections: gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomonas, herpes, mononucleosis, Epstein–Barr virus, varicella‐zoster, and dengue. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval were estimated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Results There was no significant association between gonorrhea (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.61–1.33), trichomonas (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.27–2.07), genital herpes (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.38–1.27), and the risk of prostate cancer. No association emerged for overall sexually transmitted bacterial and viral infections (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.86–1.29) and overall non‐sexually transmitted viral infections (OR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.90–1.35) and the risk of prostate cancer. Conclusion Our results showed that sexually or non‐sexually transmitted infections, either bacterial or viral, were not associated to prostate cancer. Therefore, further investigation is needed to help advance our understanding of the role of chronic inflammation in the etiology of prostate cancer, with a particular focus on its most aggressive types.

•Penile cancer remains rare in France without change in incidence over time.•Survival stays low due to lack of early diagnosis and limited improvement in care.•Patients should be encouraged to search for medical advice to improve prognosis.•Clinical trials internationally conducted are also needed to improve care. Penile cancer is rare, and few population-based studies have described changes in time trend. This study aims to determine whether there has been an evolution in incidence and survival of penile cancer over time in France. Rates of age world-standardized incidence (ASRW) and net survival (NS) between 1989 and 2011 were calculated using data from 16 French cancer registries. Time trend incidence and survival analysis were confined to the eight registries operating throughout the full period. Log-linear Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in incidence rates. The incidence rate for the most recent period was also calculated from all 16 cancer registries operating during 2009–2011. Human papillomavirus (HPV) exposure was deduced from the morphological code. NS was estimated using the Pohar–Perme estimator of the net cumulative rate. No significant change in incidence was observed between 1989 and 2011 (AAPC: 0.08%; 95%CI: −1.01%; +1.17%). The incidence increased with age. The ASRW in 16 registries operating in 2009–2011 was 0.59 per 100,000 (95%CI: 0.50–0.68). The proportion of cases potentially linked to HPV was nearly 11% and did not change significantly over time. NS decreased with age but did not change over time (around 65% at 5 years). Penile cancer remains rare in France, but survival is still low − probably because of delays in diagnosis and limited improvements in care. International clinical trials are needed to develop care recommendations based on an adequate level of evidence.

Elevated body mass index (BMI) has been inconsistently associated with prostate cancer occurrence but it has been suggested that life course adulthood obesity may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. However, few studies have investigated lifetime BMI and prostate cancer risk. We analyzed life course BMI trajectories on prostate cancer risk based on data from the Epidemiological study of Prostate Cancer (EPICAP). We included in our analyses 781 incident prostate cancer cases and 829 controls frequency matched by age. Participants were asked about their weight every decade from age 20 to two years before reference date. BMI trajectories were determined using group‐based trajectory modeling to identify groups of men with similar patterns of BMI changes. We identified five BMI trajectories groups. Men with a normal BMI at age 20 developing overweight or obesity during adulthood were at increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer compared to men who maintained a normal BMI. Our results suggest that BMI trajectories resulting in overweight or obesity during adulthood are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer, particularly in never smokers, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy BMI throughout adulthood. The influence of body weight during lifetime on PCa risk remains largely ununderstood and has been poorly investigated. Our findings suggest that elevated BMI during adulthood resulting in overweight or obesity is associated with an increased risk of aggressive PCa, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy BMI throughout adulthood.