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[1] Evidence Base for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Depression Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most evidence-based psychological interventions for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorder, and substance use disorder. Beck Depression Inventory (A. T. Beck, Steer, and Brown, 1996), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression are useful rating scales for this purpose. {Figure 1} Schema - stable internal structure of information usually formed during early life, also include core belief about selfinformation processing and intermediate belief are usually interpreted as rules of living and usually expressed in terms of “if and then” sentencesAutomatic thoughts - proximally related to everyday events and in depression, often reflects cognitive triad, i.e., negative view of oneself, world, and future. After initial assessment of the patient those who prefer psychological treatment can be offered CBT alone or in combination depending on type of depressionThose with mild to moderate depression CBT can be recommended as a first line of treatmentPatients with severe depression might need combination of both CBT and medications (and or other treatments)Special situations such as children and adolescents, pregnancy, lactation, female in fertile age group planning for pregnancy, medical comorbiditiesInability to tolerate psychopharmacological treatmentThe presence of significant psychosocial factors, intrapsychic conflicts, and interpersonal difficulties.

In the present study, the effect of mild to high-temperature regimes on the quasi-static and dynamic tensile behaviours of Barakar sandstone from the Jharia coal mine fire region has been experimentally investigated. The experimental work has been performed on Brazilian disk specimens of Barakar sandstone, which are thermally treated up to 800 °C. The quasi-static and dynamic split tensile strength tests were carried out on a servo-controlled universal testing machine and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), respectively. Microscopic and mineralogical changes were studied through a petrographic investigation. The experimental results suggest the prevalence of both, static and dynamic loading scenarios after 400 °C. Up to 400 °C, the quasi-static and dynamic tensile strengths increased due to the evaporation of water, which suggests a strengthening effect. However, beyond 400 °C, both strengths decreased significantly as newly formed thermal microcracks became prevalent. The dynamic tensile strength exhibits strain rate sensitivity up to 400 °C, although it shows a marginal decline in this sensitivity beyond this temperature threshold. The Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) remained constant up to 400 °C and slightly increased after 400 °C. Furthermore, the characteristic strain rate at which the dynamic strength becomes twice the quasi-static strength remains consistent until reaching 400 °C but steadily decreases beyond this temperature. This experimental study represents the first attempt to validate the Kimberley model specifically for thermally treated rocks. Interestingly, the presence of water did not have a significant impact on the failure modes up to 400 °C, as the samples exhibited a dominant tensile failure mode, breaking into two halves with fewer fragments. However, as temperature increased, the failure behaviours became more complex due to the combined influence of thermally induced microcracks and the applied impact load. Cracks initially formed at the centre and subsequently, multiple shear cracks emerged and propagated in the loading direction, resulting in a high degree of fragmentation. This study also demonstrates that shear failure is not solely dependent on the loading rate but can also be influenced by temperature, further affecting the failure mode of the sandstone.

Experimental investigations of the effects of elevated temperature on microstructural, mineralogical, physico-mechanical and elastic properties of rocks were carried out to understand the effect of underground coal fire along with thermal damage and failure initiation in Barakar sandstone from the Jharia coalfield, India. Discolouration analysis, petrographic studies, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and electron probe micro analysis were carried out to understand the microstructural and mineralogical changes in thermally treated samples. The experimental results suggest that the changes in investigated properties follow three characteristic thermal zones: zone I (25–300 °C), zone II (300–500 °C) and zone III (500–800 °C). Among all, zone II is a prominent transition region where a rapid increase in crack density, porosity and thermal damage is observed along with a sharp reduction in seismic wave velocities, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic parameters. Development of thermal stress-induced intergranular and intragranular micro-cracks, evaporation of organic matters, and dehydration and thermal decomposition of minerals are the most conspicuous reasons for the observed changes in this zone. Zone III is characterized by phase transformation of quartz, recrystallization and partial melting of cement and phyllosilicates that filled some of the existing micro-cracks, resulting in a local change of porosity, strength and elastic properties. Developments of different failure modes are observed in different temperature ranges such as simple shear along a single plane in zone I, progressive growth of Y-shaped (double plane) shearing in the zones II and III (400–700 °C) and axial splitting at 800 °C. The results from this study provide comprehensive elaboration of thermal effects on sandstones at a particular temperature range.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with a triad of motor symptoms with akinesia/bradykinesia, resting tremor (4-6 Hz), and rigidity. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. The overall management of PD depends on the status of symptoms, functioning of the patients, impairment, disability, and its impact on quality of life. Depression, anxiety disorders, apathy, anhedonia, psychosis, cognitive impairments, dementia, and impulse control disorders (ICDs) are the common psychiatric symptoms/disorders comorbid with PD. Depression remains the most common psychiatric disorder reported to be comorbid with PD. Several pharmacological and nonpharmacological management strategies are used for the treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in PD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used to treat depression in patients with PD. The best evidence of efficacy in PD psychosis is for clozapine and pimavanserin. The treatment for cognitive impairments in PD remains poorly researched. Rivastigmine is the only approved treatment for PD as per the Food and Drug Administration. Pramipexole, a dopamine agonist (DA), is reported to cause improvement in the symptoms of decreased willingness in apathy. The treatment approaches for different sleep disorders in PD are different. Identifying the cause, reviewing the patient's ongoing medications, and evaluating the impact of comorbid medical conditions and sleep hygiene are common to all conditions related to sleep disorders. The first approach for treating ICD symptoms is the reduction or discontinuation of DAs. The psychiatric symptoms in patients with PD are highly prevalent, and their management should be included in the basic treatment algorithm for PD. This paper summarizes common psychiatric symptoms/disorders in PD and their management approaches.

ObjectiveNew daily persistent headache (NDPH) is characterized by daily, persistent headache with clearly remembered onset, preceding events or triggers and treatment refractoriness of headache. The pathophysiology of NDPH is still unresolved. NDPH has been associated with somatoform disorder (DSM 4 TR). Somatization is characterized by vivid memory, disproportionate and persistent thought about symptoms that may explain many characteristics of NDPH. However, tendency towards somatization has not been studied in NDPH patients.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we evaluated somatization in NDPH, chronic migraine (CM), and chronic tension type headache (CTTH) by comparing the prevalence of somatic symptom disorder (SSD, DSM-5). We evaluated the past tendencies to somatization by comparing various characteristics of past somatic symptoms (number, duration, type, clearly remembered onset, etc.) between NDPH, CM, and CTTH.ResultsForty-seven patients each of NDPH and CTTH and 46 patients of CM were evaluated. Criteria for SSD was fulfilled by 85.1% of NDPH and CTTH patients and only 45.7% of CM. Past history of somatic symptoms was seen in 70% patients with NDPH, 15.2% CM, and 23.4% CTTH (p<0.001). Median number of past somatic symptoms was higher in NDPH. All NDPH patients clearly remembered the onset of at least one past somatic symptom. None of CM and CTTH patients remembered the onset of past somatic symptoms.ConclusionNDPH patients displayed significant past history of somatization. Continuation of past tendencies to manifest as NDPH suggests that NDPH may be an epiphenomenon of somatization.

Micro-structural attributes of Chumathang granite from Leh, India, were experimentally determined in the temperature range from 25 to 600 °C for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). P-wave velocity, thermal crack generation, and pore attributes were analyzed using a combination of pulse ultrasonic velocity study, 3D X-ray tomography and low-pressure gas adsorption experiments, respectively. Results indicate that thermal crack development is driven by mineral composition and differential thermal expansion, with a significant increase in the thermal damage factor between 450 ∘ C and 600 ∘ C , accompanied by visible cracks at 600 ∘ C . Surface area and pore volume decreased up to 300 ∘ C due to mineral dissolution, then slightly increased up to 600 ∘ C due to microfracture formation. Pore size distribution showed a dominance of coarser mesopores, and fractal dimensions decreased with temperature, reflecting simpler pore geometries. These findings enhance the understanding of granite’s microstructural changes under thermal stress, informing the optimization of EGS heat extraction efficiency.

Objectives: To study sociodemographic and clinical variables, including psychiatric co-morbidities, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: A total of 158 patients attending a medical gastroenterology clinic in a tertiary care center in Northern India were screened, from whom 100 were selected for the study. Rome IV criteria were used to diagnose IBS, and the severity of symptoms was assessed by the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS). Psychiatric co-morbidities were screened via clinical evaluation, and if present, a diagnosis was made as per DSM-5. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) were used to assess depression, anxiety, stress, and somatic symptoms. Result: The mean age of cases was 35.6 years’ old, and the majority of cases (i.e., 38.0%) were between 18 and 29 years’ old. Males comprised 62.0% of the sample and females 38.0%. Moderate IBS was present in 61.0% of the cases. Evaluation via DASS-21 revealed that 53.0% were in the moderate category of depression, 43.0% had moderate anxiety, and 36.0% had moderate stress. The somatic symptom scale revealed that 48.0% patients were in the high category. Psychiatric co-morbidities were present in 29.0% of cases. Depressive disorders were the most common psychiatric co-morbidity. Conclusions: Patients with IBS presenting to a tertiary care center in Northern India were primarily young males living in semi-urban areas who belonged to the Hindu religion, were married, and had a nuclear family. Patients with IBS commonly have associated psychiatric disorders; anxiety disorders and depression are most common.

The current global health crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, has posed an unprecedented challenge to our health systems, economy, socio-political organizations, and the infrastructure of most countries and the world. This pandemic has affected physical health as well as mental health adversely. Several recent evidence suggests that health systems across the world have to improve their preparedness in context to infectious pandemics. The research on mental health aspects of COVID-19 and other related pandemics is lacking due to obvious reasons. This narrative review article, along with our personal views, is on various current and future mental health issues in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic focusing on various challenges and suggested solutions. The aim is also to update mental health strategies in the context of such rapidly spreading contagious illness, which can act as a resource for such a situation, currently and in future. We recommend that there is a need to facilitate mental health research to understand the psychiatric aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, include psychiatrists in the task force, and make available psychotropic and other medications with special attention to the deprived sector of the society.