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"Tucker, M."
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How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis
Intelligence test scores and educational duration are positively correlated. This correlation could be interpreted in two ways: Students with greater propensity for intelligence go on to complete more education, or a longer education increases intelligence. We meta-analyzed three categories of quasiexperimental studies of educational effects on intelligence: those estimating education-intelligence associations after controlling for earlier intelligence, those using compulsory schooling policy changes as instrumental variables, and those using regression-discontinuity designs on school-entry age cutoffs. Across 142 effect sizes from 42 data sets involving over 600,000 participants, we found consistent evidence for beneficial effects of education on cognitive abilities of approximately 1 to 5 IQ points for an additional year of education. Moderator analyses indicated that the effects persisted across the life span and were present on all broad categories of cognitive ability studied. Education appears to be the most consistent, robust, and durable method yet to be identified for raising intelligence.
Journal Article
Does deforestation promote or inhibit malaria transmission in the Amazon? A systematic literature review and critical appraisal of current evidence
Considerable interest in the relationship between biodiversity and disease has recently captured the attention of the research community, with important public policy implications. In particular, malaria in the Amazon region is often cited as an example of how forest conservation can improve public health outcomes. However, despite a growing body of literature and an increased understanding of the relationship between malaria and land use / land cover change (LULC) in Amazonia, contradictions have emerged. While some studies report that deforestation increases malaria risk, others claim the opposite. Assessing malaria risk requires examination of dynamic processes among three main components: (i) the environment (i.e. LULC and landscape transformations), (ii) vector biology (e.g. mosquito species distributions, vector activity and life cycle, plasmodium infection rates), and (iii) human populations (e.g. forest-related activity, host susceptibility, movement patterns). In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review on malaria risk and deforestation in the Amazon focusing on these three components. We explore key features that are likely to generate these contrasting results using the reviewed articles and our own data from Brazil and Peru, and conclude with suggestions for productive avenues in future research.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications'.
Journal Article
Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence
A core hypothesis in developmental theory predicts that genetic influences on intelligence and academic achievement are suppressed under conditions of socioeconomic privation and more fully realized under conditions of socioeconomic advantage: a Gene × Childhood Socioeconomic Status (SES) interaction. Tests of this hypothesis have produced apparently inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis of tests of Gene × SES interaction on intelligence and academic-achievement test scores, allowing for stratification by nation (United States vs. non–United States), and we conducted rigorous tests for publication bias and between-studies heterogeneity. In U.S. studies, we found clear support for moderately sized Gene × SES effects. In studies from Western Europe and Australia, where social policies ensure more uniform access to high-quality education and health care, Gene × SES effects were zero or reversed.
Journal Article
Cradle to cradle home design : process and experience
\"Residential design that is inspired, responsible, and in harmony with the planet: that is the concept behind cradle-to-cradle systems, which seek to go beyond sustainability to the use of waste-free products that return to the earth s lifecycles. Cradle to Cradle Home Design: Process and Experience is a groundbreaking text that offers a case study in this revolutionary design concept via the Cradle to Cradle (C2C) Home Competition, based out of Roanoke, Virginia. More than 600 submissions from students and professionals around the world provide the archive for the book, creating a spirited, smart, and engaging guide that both delights in the possibilities offered by the paradigm, and inspires an alternative approach to design. Developed for interior design and architecture studio courses as well as practicing design firms, this book is a must-read for anybody looking to incorporate sustainable design principles and materials into his or her work.\"--Publisher's description.
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Environmental variability counteracts priority effects to facilitate species coexistence: evidence from nectar microbes
The order of species arrival during community assembly can greatly affect species coexistence, but the strength of these effects, known as priority effects, appears highly variable across species and ecosystems. Furthermore, the causes of this variation remain unclear despite their fundamental importance in understanding species coexistence. Here, we show that one potential cause is environmental variability. In laboratory experiments using nectar-inhabiting microorganisms as a model system, we manipulated spatial and temporal variability of temperature, and examined consequences for priority effects. If species arrived sequentially, multiple species coexisted under variable temperature, but not under constant temperature. Temperature variability prevented extinction of late-arriving species that would have been excluded owing to priority effects if temperature had been constant. By contrast, if species arrived simultaneously, species coexisted under both variable and constant temperatures. We propose possible mechanisms underlying these results using a mathematical model that incorporates contrasting effects of microbial species on nectar pH and amino acids. Overall, our findings suggest that understanding consequences of priority effects for species coexistence requires explicit consideration of environmental variability.
Journal Article
ثقافة القهوة : تجارب محلية، روابط عالمية
يتناول كتاب (ثقافة القهوة تجارب محلية، روابط عالمية) والذي قام بتأليفه (كاثرين م. تاكر) في حوالي (230) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (القهوة) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : الفصل الأول : ثقافة القهوة والحياة الاجتماعية والتاريخ العالمي، الفصل الثاني : قبول ورفض إشكالات القهوة عبر الزمن، الفصل الثالث : إنتاج البن ومعالجته، الفصل الرابع : الأسواق والنظام العالمي الحديث.
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