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"Tugade, Michele M."
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Regulation of Positive Emotions: Emotion Regulation Strategies that Promote Resilience
Issue Title: Emotion regulation: Current issues and new directions The regulation of emotions is essential in everyday life. In this paper, we discuss the regulation of positive emotional experiences. Our discussion focuses on strategies aimed at maintaining and increasing experiences of positive emotions. We discuss the importance of these strategies for well-being, and suggest that cultivating positive emotions may be particularly useful for building resilience to stressful events. Then, we explore possible mechanisms that link positive emotions to coping for resilient people, with a focus on the automatic activation of positive emotions while coping. We conclude by discussing alternative models and proposing future directions in the work on positive emotion regulation and resilience.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions
Positive emotions are hypothesized to undo the cardiovascular aftereffects of negative emotions. Study 1 tests this undoing effect. Participants (n = 170) experiencing anxiety-induced cardiovascular reactivity viewed a film that elicited (a) contentment, (b) amusement, (c) neutrality, or (d) sadness. Contentment-eliciting and amusing films produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films did. Participants in Study 2 (n = 185) viewed these same films following a neutral state. Results disconfirm the alternative explanation that the undoing effect reflects a simple replacement process. Findings are contextualized by Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998).
Journal Article
Handbook of positive emotions
This authoritative handbook reviews the breadth of current knowledge about positive emotions: their nature, functions, and consequences for individuals and society. Specific emotions are analyzed in depth, including happiness, pride, romantic love, compassion, gratitude, awe, challenge, and hope. Major theoretical perspectives are presented and cutting-edge research methods explained. The volume addresses neurobiological and physiological aspects of positive emotions as well as their social and intrapersonal contexts. Implications for physical health, coping, and psychopathology are explored, as are connections to organizational functioning and consumer behavior.
eBook
Positive emotions and resilience: Exploring subjective, cognitive, and physiological consequences
Theory indicates that resilient individuals are able to “bounce back” from stressful experiences quickly and effectively, having the capacity to flexibly adapt to changing situational demands. Few studies, however, have provided supportive empirical evidence for this theory. The present investigation seeks to do so, using a multi-method approach to examine the subjective, cognitive, and physiological qualities of psychological resilience. Toward this end, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998; 2001) is used as a framework for understanding resilience theory. Five studies explore the hypothesis that resilient people use positive emotions to rebound from, find positive meaning in, and flexibly cope with, stressful encounters. Study 1 examined the physiological characteristics associated with psychological resilience. In Study 2, cognitive appraisals were experimentally manipulated to examine their role in relation to psychological resilience and cardiovascular recovery from negative emotional arousal. Moving beyond laboratory-based stressors, Study 3 examined the role that resilience and positive emotions have in the capacity to find positive meaning in negative circumstances. In Studies 1, 2, and 3, mediational analyses revealed that the experience of positive emotions contributed, in part, to participants' ability to achieve efficient emotion regulation, demonstrated by accelerated cardiovascular recovery from negative emotional arousal (Studies 1 and 2) and by finding positive meaning in negative circumstances (Study 3). Studies 4 and 5 examined the reasons why positive emotions help low and high resilient individuals effectively recover from stressful experiences by examining the critical role that positive emotions might play in broadening coping resources (Study 4) with which to flexibly cope in times of stress (Study 5). Findings revealed that positive emotions are useful to low and high resilient individuals in different ways, which provide insights into potential developmental processes associated with psychological resilience. Implications for research on resilience and positive emotions are discussed.
Dissertation
Assessment of mood
Theoretical and methodological advances in psychology, physiology and medicine have led to rigorous examinations of the role of affect and emotion in health. In this chapter, we review the role of negative and positive emotions in health research and then discuss some of the most prominent measures currently used to measure mood in this research. We conclude with specific recommendations for the measurement of mood and emotion in the context of studies of physical health. Across different samples and studies in health psychology, there is little variation in mood assessment procedures. As a consequence, we focus our discussions primarily on the cardiovascular system, with a shorter discussion of relations between cancer and mood.Negative emotions and healthMuch of the research that examines the relation between mood and health addresses the impact of negative or unpleasant affect. Although the experience of negative affect is generally adaptive in preparing the body for fight-or-flight, it can have adverse consequences when the body is continually taxed. In particular, researchers have focused on how particular experiences of negative affect (e.g. anger, anxiety and depression) have emerged as important risk factors in health (see Gallo & Matthews, 2003; Kubzansky & Kawachi, 2000).AngerSeveral studies have reported on the negative health consequences of anger on cardiovascular responses (e.g. Kawachi et al., 1996), particularly in relation to incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Hostility appeared to be a greater risk factor than smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol (Chaput et al., 2002).
Book Chapter
The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions: Form, Function, and Mechanisms
Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of research on the nature, origins, and outcomes of positive emotions. According to the broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions broaden and expand our attention, cognition, and receptivity to experiences in the present moment, and, over time, accumulate and compound, building long-term social, emotional, and physical resources. This chapter reviews supporting evidence for these two effects—the broaden effect and build effect—and consider underlying mechanisms and exciting directions for future research.
Book Chapter
Positive Emotions and Emotional Intelligence
Positive emotions are a part of everyday life. Sometimes certain positive emotions are experienced more intensely than others; at other times, it may not be appropriate or even adaptively useful to feel positive emotions at all. What accounts for knowing when positive emotions are appropriate, when they are not, and how best to utilize them in one’s life? Are there such things as “wise” knowledge and use of positive emotions? We think so. The answer may lie in the construct of emotional intelligence. According to the framework of emotional intelligence, one must be competent at understanding one’s emotions; be able
Book Chapter