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The Zhangxuan Basin serves as an ecological barrier and water conservation area for Beijing, the capital of China. Clarifying the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater in this region is essential for the effective management of groundwater resources and the protection of ecological security. In this study, based on data regarding chemistry and level of shallow groundwater from 2016 to 2022, hydrogeochemical analysis methods and geostatistical techniques were applied to investigate the hydrochemical evolution and genesis mechanisms of groundwater under the influence of human activities. The results showed that: (1) From 2016 to 2022, the groundwater remained predominantly characterized by Ca2+ and HCO3-, with the primary hydrochemical type unchanged as HCO3-Ca·Mg. (2) From 2016 to 2022, an overall decreasing trend in hydrochemical components was observed, alongside an increase in HCO3-Na type groundwater. Spatially, along the direction of groundwater flow, a general trend of increasing hydrochemical components was noted, with a significant rise in HCO3-Na type groundwater. (3) The spatiotemporal distribution and evolution of hydrochemistry were influenced by water-rock interactions, lithological characteristics, groundwater flow patterns, and human activities. Along the groundwater flow direction, lithological particles became finer, enhancing forward cation exchange and leaching, with the dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals intensifying. In localized areas, the hydrochemical components were influenced by the extraction of groundwater source areas and the discharge of industrial waste.

Both over-exploitation and exploitation reduction of groundwater can alter the conditions of groundwater recharge and discharge, thereby impacting the overall quality of groundwater. This study utilizes hydrogeochemical methods and statistical analysis to explore the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of groundwater chemistry in the saline-freshwater funnel area of Hengshui City under exploitation reduction. The results showed that: With the exception of the deep freshwater funnel area in the western region, which exhibits a trend of water quality deterioration (Cl − accounted for more than 25%), groundwater quality in the other funnel areas demonstrates an improving trend (HCO accounted for more than 25%). The origins of hydrochemical components in the groundwater of the two types of funnel areas are influenced by rock weathering. Only the shallow saline water funnel area in the eastern region is impacted by evaporation. And groundwater hydraulic conditions play a distinct role in controlling the evolution of water chemistry in different types of funnel areas. It is mainly manifested in changing the water-rock reaction speed in the two types of funnel areas and diluting the groundwater ion concentration in the funnel area.

Iodine and fluoride are essential trace elements for human health, with both deficiency and excess intake impacting well-being. This study investigates the groundwater funnel area in eastern Hengshui City, utilizing groundwater level and hydrochemical data from 2014 to 2022. Hydrogeochemical methods were employed to comprehensively analyze the evolution characteristics and causes of iodine and fluoride concentrations in the funnel area. The results show: (1) After the implementation of groundwater exploitation reduction (GER) (post-2014), the mean concentration of I⁻ in the study area’s shallow groundwater (SG) decreased from 0.17 mg/L to 0.16 mg/L. Conversely, the mean concentration of F⁻ increased from 1.00 mg/L to 1.12 mg/L. In the deep groundwater (DG), the mean concentration of I⁻ rose from 0.17 mg/L to 0.19 mg/L, and the mean concentration of F⁻ increased from 1.99 mg/L to 2.90 mg/L. (2) In 2014, the concentrations of I⁻ and F⁻ in SG increased progressively from the recharge area to the discharge area along the groundwater flow. By 2018 and 2022, the concentrations of I⁻ and F⁻ in the recharge area had become higher than those in the discharge area. Between 2014 and 2022, the concentrations of I⁻ and F⁻ in DG progressively increased from the recharge area to the discharge area along the groundwater flow. (3) Before and after GER, the primary sources of I⁻ and F⁻ in both SG and DG remained consistent. Nevertheless, prolonged GER and recharge have altered the groundwater hydraulic conditions, pH, redox environment, HCO₃⁻ concentration, Ca 2+ concentration, and cation exchange processes. These changes have led to the evolution of I⁻ and F⁻ concentrations.

Due to extensive groundwater exploitation, a groundwater funnel has persisted in the Hutuo River alluvial fan in Shijiazhuang since the 1980s, lasting nearly 40 years and significantly impacting the groundwater chemical characteristics. In this study, based on the groundwater level and chemistry data, the hydrochemical evolution processes and mechanisms of the groundwater during the 1980 groundwater funnel period and the post-2015 artificial governance period were investigated using traditional hydrogeochemical methods and inverse hydrogeochemical simulations. The results show the following: (1) The ion concentrations gradually increased along the groundwater flow path, where they displayed a pattern of lower levels in the northwest and higher levels in the southeast. From 1980 to 2021, the concentrations of major ions were increased. (2) In 1980s, the groundwater hydrochemical type predominantly exhibited HCO3—Ca. From 1980 to 2015, the hydrochemical types diversified into HCO3·Cl—Ca, HCO3—Ca·Mg, and HCO3·SO4—Ca types. Following the artificial governance, the groundwater level rise led to an increase in the concentrations of SO42− and Mg2+. Post-2015, the prevailing hydrochemical type changed to HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg. (3) The changes in the groundwater level and ion concentrations were quantitatively strongly correlated and exhibited spatial similarity. (4) In the 1980s, the groundwater hydrochemical composition was primarily controlled by the dissolution of albite, dolomite, halite, and quartz; reverse cation exchange; and groundwater exploitation. Since 2015, the hydrochemical composition has mainly been influenced by the dissolution of albite, calcite, and quartz; positive cation exchange; river–groundwater mixing; and industrial activities, with increasing intensities of both water–rock interactions and human activities.

To elucidate the water–rock interaction mechanisms of the Julong Hot Springs in Changbai Mountain, this study first analyzed the leaching patterns of hydrochemical components in water–rock interactions. The PHREEQC software was then utilized to calculate mineral saturation indices and mineral phase diagrams, thereby exploring the thermodynamic equilibrium state of water–rock interactions. A mineral reaction kinetics model was constructed to investigate the reaction rates of rock minerals and quantify their kinetic processes. The results show that (1) within 72 h of reaction, Na + is the predominant cation, and HCO 3 − is the predominant anion in both deionized water–rock interaction and geothermal water–rock interaction. The hydrochemical types are all HCO 3 –Na. (2) In deionized water–rock interaction and geothermal water–rock interaction, albite, K‐feldspar, and quartz are the main minerals that dissolve. In deionized water–rock interaction and geothermal water–rock interaction, the dissolution of albite and K‐feldspar occurs in the gibbsite and kaolinite stages, respectively, and both processes occur in the early stages of the reactions. (3) In the deionized water–rock interaction, the dissolution and precipitation of albite, K‐feldspar, and quartz conform to the transition state theory equation. During the model prediction process, the concentrations of Na + and K + exhibited a significant increase within the initial 180 days, after which the increase slowed and gradually stabilized. The absolute values of the molar changes in albite and K‐feldspar exhibit complex variations, initially increasing, then decreasing, followed by another increase, and finally decreasing. The maximum molar changes of albite and K‐feldspar were observed at 5 days, with respective values of −1.42e − 3 and −6.27e − 4 mol. The molar change of quartz initially increased and then decreased, reaching its maximum value of 4.26e − 4 mol at 60 days. By 540 days, the molar changes of minerals approached 0, indicating that the water–rock interaction had reached equilibrium.

Background Acute type A aortic dissection (aTAAD) is a critical and life-threatening condition. Previous research has demonstrated that the use of ketorolac not only reduces the progression, incidence, and severity of aortic aneurysms in animal models, but also decreases postoperative mortality and complications in patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm replacement. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the efficacy of ketorolac in treating aTAAD in humans. Therefore, we conducted a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ketorolac in patients with aTAAD. Our hypothesis was that ketorolac treatment for aTAAD patients would meet safety indicators and effectively improve patient prognosis. Methods/design This study is a single-center, randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study. A total of 120 patients with aTAAD will be recruited and will be randomized into the ketorolac group and placebo group with a ratio of 1:1. Ketorolac tromethamine 60 mg per 2 ml will be intramuscularly injected within 2 h before surgery, followed by intramuscular injections of 30 mg per 1 ml BID. on the first and second postoperative days in the Ketorolac group, while 0.9% saline will be administered at the same dose, dosage form, and time in the placebo group. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ketorolac in improving the prognosis of aTAAD. The primary endpoint is the composite endpoint event concerning drug-related adverse events. Secondary endpoints include drug-related adverse events, laboratory examination of blood, diagnostic imaging tests, clinical biomarkers, etc. Discussion This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical College (approval number: 2023–197-02). This study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ketorolac in patients with aTAAD. All participating patients will sign an informed consent form, and the trial results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn ) ChiCTR2300074394. Registered on 4 October 2023.

The management strategies of anticoagulant (AC) or antiplatelet (AP) therapy in the preoperative period of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is still controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the surgical safety for BPH patients on AC or AP therapy was performed. The protocol for the review is available on PROSPERO (CRD42018105800). A literature search was performed by using MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane library, and Embase. Summarized odds ratios (OR), mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the difference in outcomes. We identified 13 trials with a total of 3767 patients. An intragroup significant difference was found in bleeding complications and blood transfusions when undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). For laser surgery, the intragroup significant difference was found in the result of blood transfusion. Bridging therapy would not cause a higher risk of bleeding complications and blood transfusion during the perioperative period. Besides, no difference existed in operation time, catheterization time, hospitalization, and thromboembolic events. Patients with BPH on perioperative AC/AP therapy would have a risk of postoperative hemorrhage after TURP or laser treatments. To reduce the risk of hemorrhage, bridging therapy could be a good choice.