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Antibiotic resistance is a critical global health challenge that threatens the efficacy of modern medicine and public health. As frontline healthcare providers, pharmacists play a vital role in combating this issue through their expertise in medication management, patient education, and collaboration with other healthcare professionals. This review explores various strategies that pharmacists can employ to minimize antibiotic resistance, emphasizing their unique perspectives and contributions. One of the primary strategies involves promoting appropriate antibiotic use through participation in antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). Pharmacists can conduct medication reviews to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy, ensuring that antibiotics are prescribed only when necessary and that the most effective agents are selected. Additionally, pharmacists can educate patients about the importance of adhering to prescribed regimens and the potential consequences of misuse, thereby enhancing patient awareness and responsibility. Enhancing patient education is another critical component of minimizing antibiotic resistance. Pharmacists can address common misconceptions about antibiotics, providing clear information on when antibiotics are appropriate and when they are not. By utilizing effective communication strategies, pharmacists can foster open dialogue with patients, building trust and promoting adherence to responsible antibiotic use. Collaboration among healthcare professionals is essential for effective antibiotic stewardship. Pharmacists can work closely with physicians, nurses, and infection control teams to ensure that antibiotic prescribing practices align with current guidelines. By participating in interdisciplinary rounds and educational initiatives, pharmacists can share their expertise and contribute to optimizing antibiotic therapy. The integration of technology and data analytics into pharmacy practice also offers significant potential for minimizing antibiotic resistance. Pharmacists can leverage electronic health records and clinical decision support systems to monitor prescribing patterns and identify areas for improvement. In conclusion, pharmacists are integral to strategies aimed at minimizing antibiotic resistance. Through their proactive involvement in stewardship programs, patient education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the use of technology, pharmacists can significantly contribute to the fight against antibiotic resistance, ultimately safeguarding public health and enhancing patient outcomes.

Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that almonds can improve oxidative stress indices, but the results are controversial. Therefore, the goal of this research was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of all RCTs that evaluated the effect of almonds on selected oxidative stress indices. A systematic search was conducted up to April 2022 on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We have selected the studies that investigated the effects of almonds on malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) levels in adults. Data were pooled by using the random-effects model. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Seven RCTs involving 424 participants were analyzed. The results indicated that almond intake led to a significant decrease in MDA levels (WMD: − 6.63 nmol/ml; 95 % CI: − 8.72 to − 4.54; P < 0.001). However, no significant effect was observed on Ox-LDL (Hedges’ g: − 0.12; 95 % CI: − 0.34 to 0.10; P = 0.28). Sensitivity analysis showed that overall estimates were not affected by the elimination of any study. We did not observe any evidence regarding publication bias. The present meta-analysis suggests that almond intake can improve MDA levels and might play a beneficial role in the reinforcement of the antioxidant defense system and amelioration of oxidative stress in adults. There is a need for more studies with larger groups to better estimate this effect. •Several trials have shown that almonds can improve oxidative stress indices, but the results are controversial.•The results indicated that almond intake led to a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels.•However, further clinical trials with a larger sample size and duration are required.

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a rare congenital brain anomaly characterized by the partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum, a crucial structure responsible for interhemispheric communication. Neurological outcomes associated with AgCC vary widely, with presentation ranging from severe intellectual disabilities to normal cognitive function. The condition is often discovered incidentally due to the variability in its clinical presentation. This report discusses the case of a four-year-old Saudi boy with incidental AgCC identified following a minor head trauma. The patient was born full-term through spontaneous vaginal delivery without perinatal complications. He presented with a history of mild head trauma leading to recurrent, non-progressive headaches localized in the occipital region. Despite the head trauma, there were no signs of increased intracranial pressure or other neurological deficits. A neurological examination revealed a head circumference above the 95 percentile, but all other parameters, including cranial nerve function, motor strength, and reflexes, were within normal limits. Neuroimaging through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging unexpectedly revealed complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. Despite this structural anomaly, the patient's cognitive function, assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination and an IQ test, was within normal limits. The patient was managed conservatively for his head trauma and discharged with a recommendation for annual neurocognitive follow-up. This case highlights the variable presentation of AgCC, where, despite the complete absence of the corpus callosum, the patient demonstrated no significant neurocognitive deficits. The findings align with existing literature suggesting that isolated AgCC can present with a broad spectrum of cognitive outcomes, from profound intellectual disability to near-normal function. The case underscores the importance of ongoing neuropsychological monitoring in individuals with AgCC, particularly as cognitive demands increase with age. Additionally, this case emphasizes the need for increased awareness and education among clinicians regarding the potential for late-emerging neurocognitive challenges in patients with AgCC.

Effective communication in healthcare is a cornerstone for ensuring patient safety and optimal clinical outcomes. This narrative review explores the impact of poor communication between nurses and internal medicine physicians on patient safety. The review highlights how communication breakdowns contribute to medication errors, diagnostic delays, and suboptimal care coordination. Drawing on case studies and evidence, this paper also examines the psychological and workplace challenges that arise from inadequate communication, including stress, reduced morale, and strained interprofessional collaboration. Proposed solutions such as standardized communication tools (e.g., SBAR), interdisciplinary team meetings, and enhanced training programs are discussed to mitigate these barriers and foster a culture of effective collaboration. By addressing these issues, healthcare institutions can significantly enhance patient safety and care quality.Aim of work: The aim of this review is to examine the critical impact of poor communication between nurses and internal medicine physicians on patient safety. It seeks to identify the common barriers that hinder effective communication in healthcare settings, such as hierarchical structures, workload pressures, and differences in professional training. Additionally, the review explores the adverse consequences of communication breakdowns, including medication errors, diagnostic delays, and compromised care transitions. By analyzing case studies and existing evidence, this work highlights the significance of addressing these challenges and proposes evidence-based strategies, such as standardized communication tools, interdisciplinary meetings, and targeted training programs, to foster better collaboration and improve patient outcomes. Ultimately, the review emphasizes the importance of creating a culture that prioritizes clear, respectful, and efficient communication within healthcare teams to enhance patient safety and care quality.

Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilatation and lack of tapering of the airways. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have significantly advanced the detection and evaluation of bronchiectasis. CT imaging plays a central role in identifying key features of bronchiectasis, such as airway dilatation, lack of tapering, and the presence of mucus plugging. Visual CT scoring systems, while effective, are limited in their ability to comprehensively assess both the extent and severity of bronchiectasis. Computer-based image analysis, including deep learning techniques, shows promise in enhancing diagnostic precision, tracking disease progression, and predicting clinical outcomes. However, the development of reliable algorithms requires large and diverse datasets to ensure unbiased training data. Collaborative networks are expected to be valuable resources in developing bronchiectasis-specific computer algorithms. The primary value of computer analysis lies in tracking disease severity and changes over time, with a focus on measuring longitudinal disease progression. MRI, particularly with hyperpolarized noble gases, offers a sensitive alternative for detecting ventilatory defects, making it valuable for longitudinal monitoring of disease, especially in pediatric cases. The combination of quantitative CT analysis, improved MRI techniques, and computational tools holds great promise for revolutionizing the assessment of bronchiectasis, improving prognostic accuracy, and providing valuable insights for personalized treatment plans in the future.