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The global disruption caused by the 2020 coronavirus pandemic stressed the supply chain of many products, including pharmaceuticals. Multiple drug repurposing studies for COVID-19 are now underway. If a winning therapeutic emerges, it is unlikely that the existing inventory of the medicine, or even the chemical raw materials needed to synthesize it, will be available in the quantities required. Here, we utilize retrosynthetic software to arrive at alternate chemical supply chains for the antiviral drug umifenovir, as well as eleven other antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs. We have experimentally validated four routes to umifenovir and one route to bromhexine. In one route to umifenovir the software invokes conversion of six C–H bonds into C–C bonds or functional groups. The strategy we apply of excluding known starting materials from search results can be used to identify distinct starting materials, for instance to relieve stress on existing supply chains. COVID-19 has exposed the fragility of supply chains, particularly for goods that are essential or may suddenly become essential, such as repurposed pharmaceuticals. Here the authors develop a methodology to provide routes to pharmaceutical targets that allow low-supply starting materials or intermediates to be avoided, with representative pathways validated experimentally.

In 1859, the South Kensington Museum, now the Victoria Albert Museum, in London, England, acquired a triptych of the Apocalypse by Master Bertram. It was labeled as \"an early Flemish retable.\" The panels have been cleaned and restored for display. Little is known of the triptych's provenance. Bertram has been documented in the late 14th century because of his other altarpieces. His known oeuvre is examined, as is the triptych.

Complex Forms and Fragmentary Structures explores the function and sites of operation of a sculptural and spatial project. The focus of this research is to develop a unified and differential framework that engages across scale, art historical traditions and artistic genres.Both the research and the practice are led by a methodology informed by contemporary and art historical research, addressing two key operational devices in Scale and Field. With specific attention to the work of women artists, the research examines the related histories of modernism across visual art, craft, design and architecture. It also explores historic and contemporary attempts to reorder and reprioritize form, genre and discipline within spatial and social practices.The exegesis explores this research within the operational categories of Material, Objects and Space. It utilizes the writing of feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz, and her philosophical notions of excess, territory and framing as explication for the genesis, production and operations of an artwork. It also incorporates Russian Constructivist theorist Boris Arvatov’s theory of socialist objects as co-workers to human practice as explication for the relationships between production, objects, society and context. Finally it utilizes French theorist Henri Lefebvre’s notion of programmatic space to create a field of operations for a sculptural and spatial practice.In utilizing specific approaches to scale and field the research draws from the intentions of the historical unified work of art by creating fragments or echoes of this concept. The aim of this research is not to replicate the unified work of art, but to utilize and adapt its most productive aspects: a non-hierarchical approach to material, form, genre and discipline; a synthesis (without dissolution) of distinct components with a field; an, at times, functional approach to scale and the condition of objects; and, the ability of these to project into, expand and program space.I argue this productive potential can be used to create the unitary yet modular and differential field of the artwork. It also enables artworks to hold more than one function or approach. It encourages the co-relation of, and productive tension between, the constituent components of the artwork. Of particular concern to this research are notions of adornment and décor, and their integration with concepts of, and approaches to sculpture, craft, design and display together with form, function, surface, space and interior.In presenting diverse approaches to scale and field the research creates an adaptive, modular framework that defines its own complex territory of operations whereby the image, along with the sculptural, architectural, ornamental and functional co-exist. This differential field operates where individual elements in the form of materials, through images, objects and relations between constituent components, remain distinct as identifiable markers to past historic moments, current conditions and possible future events.

This thesis describes investigations into the dearomatising anionic cyclisation of five-membered heterocycles and the application of the cyclisation to the synthesis of biologically important molecules. Chapter 2 describes the attempted dearomatising anionic cyclisation of N-protected pyrroles, furans, thiophenes, indoles and benzofurans. Efforts to use this methodology to synthesise analogues of the natural product Hinckdentine A are described. An investigation into diastereoselective deprotonation was also piirsued. Also discussed are the problems we encountered during these investigations and the interesting observations that were made. Finally chapter 3 describes the dearomatising cyclisation onto sulfone-activated naphthalenes and the application of these reactions towards the total synthesis of (±)-podophyllotoxin.

With the North East falling behind the rest of the country in terms of metrics like unemployment, life expectancy, and the number of businesses per head, it is clear that something needs to change.

In addition to the incomparable social value of work in these areas, the highly specialised nature of STEM jobs excludes those who aren't relevantly qualified, meaning they are well paid and often offer good job security.

[...]this promise of future power, however real, cannot be an excuse to sit back and wait for all of the Is to be dotted and Ts crossed for action to be taken to improve our region's economic and social situation.

Earlier this year, I gave evidence to a Select Committee on the subject of river crossings, so that lessons could be learned from best practice across the country.

Can we really say this is still a dealclinching selling point for the region, when it comes to attracting future inward investment? Since the result of the General Election became clear, the talk of devolved powers to the regions, which started in the build-up to the referendum on Scottish independence, has escalated.