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"Turner, A."
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The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities
We investigate the effect of lane kilometers of roads on vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) in US cities. VKT increases proportionately to roadway lane kilometers for interstate highways and probably slightly less rapidly for other types of roads. The sources for this extra VKT are increases in driving by current residents, increases in commercial traffic, and migration. Increasing lane kilometers for one type of road diverts little traffic from other types of road. We find no evidence that the provision of public transportation affects VKT. We conclude that increased provision of roads or public transit is unlikely to relieve congestion.
Journal Article
ROADS, RAILROADS, AND DECENTRALIZATION OF CHINESE CITIES
We investigate how urban railroad and highway configurations have influenced urban form in Chinese cities since 1990. Each radial highway displaces 4% of central city population to surrounding regions, and ring roads displace about an additional 20%, with stronger effects in the richer coastal and central regions. Each radial railroad reduces central city industrial GDP by about 20%, with ring roads displacing an additional 50%. We provide evidence that radial highways decentralize service sector activity, radial railroads decentralize industrial activity, and ring roads decentralize both. Historical transportation infrastructure provides identifying variation in more recent measures of infrastructure.
Journal Article
أدوات النجاح : دليل المدير
يمثل هذا الكتاب ذروة خبرة مؤلفته (د. سوزان تيرنر) ضمن مجال الأعمال والمشورة، وبغية تسهيل استخدام الكتاب، فقد قدمت الأدوات ضمن إطار عام نموذجي، وحيثما أمكن يظهر وصف الأداة على صفحة منفردة، وإذا كان الوضع ملائما تتضمن الصفحة المقابلة مثالا للأداة خاليا من المعطيات، وهو مخصص لك كي تنسخه لاستخدامك الشخصي.
Book
Urbanization in the Developing World
We describe patterns of urbanization in the developing world and the extent to which they differ from the developed world. We consider the extent to which urbanization in the developing world can be explained by conventional models of spatial equilibrium. Despite their relative poverty, developing world cities are relatively highly productive and often provide good access to safe water, improved sanitation, schooling, and inoculations. In some parts of the world, they are home to a surprisingly small number of factory workers and a surprisingly large number of farmers. Developing world cities seem to do less well at protecting their residents from lifestyle diseases and crime, their female residents from domestic violence, and their children from illness. In thinking about these facts, we note that one strand of the literature focused on structural transformation has suggested that urbanization in the developing is occurring “too early,” while another strand argues that urbanization is occurring “too slow” to be consistent with conventional models of spatial equilibrium. Despite many differences between developing and developed world cities, our new results combined with those in the literature suggest that models of spatial equilibrium can be adapted as a useful guide to understanding the urbanization process in the developing world.
Journal Article
علم الاجتماع النظري : مقدمة موجزة لإثنتي عشرة نظرية اجتماعية
يتحدث الكتاب عن علم الاجتماع الاقتصادي حيث يعتبر أحد فروع علم الاجتماع وأهمها، وله مداخله النظرية والمنهجية، شأنه في ذلك شأن أي تخصص من تخصصات علم الاجتماع الأخرى، مثل علم الاجتماع السياسي، وعلم الاجتماع الحضري، وعلم الاجتماع الريفي، وعلم الاجتماع التربوي، وعلم الاجتماع الديني، وعلم الاجتماع القانوني، وذلك خلال النصف الأول من القرن العشرين، حيث كانت بدايته بداية متواضعة في النصف الأول من القرن المذكور. وبمرور الوقت تطور ميدان الدراسة في هذا العلم تطورا ملحوظا، وخاصة بعد أن أرسى علم الاجتماع دعائمه المنهجية، وتطورت مداخله السوسيولوجية المختلفة على المستويين النظري والعملي.
BOOK
Sustainable Hydrogen Production
Identifying and building a sustainable energy system are perhaps two of the most critical issues that today's society must address. Replacing our current energy carrier mix with a sustainable fuel is one of the key pieces in that system. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, primarily derived from water, can address issues of sustainability, environmental emissions, and energy security. Issues relating to hydrogen production pathways are addressed here. Future energy systems require money and energy to build. Given that the United States has a finite supply of both, hard decisions must be made about the path forward, and this path must be followed with a sustained and focused effort.
Journal Article
Assembly and Activation of Alternative Complement Components on Endothelial Cell-Anchored Ultra-Large Von Willebrand Factor Links Complement and Hemostasis-Thrombosis
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) express and release protein components of the complement pathways, as well as secreting and anchoring ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers in long string-like structures that initiate platelet adhesion during hemostasis and thrombosis. The alternative complement pathway (AP) is an important non-antibody-requiring host defense system. Thrombotic microangiopathies can be associated with defective regulation of the AP (atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome) or with inadequate cleavage by ADAMTS-13 of ULVWF multimeric strings secreted by/anchored to ECs (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). Our goal was to determine if EC-anchored ULVWF strings caused the assembly and activation of AP components, thereby linking two essential defense mechanisms.
We quantified gene expression of these complement components in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by real-time PCR: C3 and C5; complement factor (CF) B, CFD, CFP, CFH and CFI of the AP; and C4 of the classical and lectin (but not alternative) complement pathways. We used fluorescent microscopy, monospecific antibodies against complement components, fluorescent secondary antibodies, and the analysis of >150 images to quantify the attachment of HUVEC-released complement proteins to ULVWF strings secreted by, and anchored to, the HUVECs (under conditions of ADAMTS-13 inhibition). We found that HUVEC-released C4 did not attach to ULVWF strings, ruling out activation of the classical and lectin pathways by the strings. In contrast, C3, FB, FD, FP and C5, FH and FI attached to ULVWF strings in quantitative patterns consistent with assembly of the AP components into active complexes. This was verified when non-functional FB blocked the formation of AP C3 convertase complexes (C3bBb) on ULVWF strings.
AP components are assembled and activated on EC-secreted/anchored ULVWF multimeric strings. Our findings provide one possible molecular mechanism for clinical linkage between different types of thrombotic and complement-mediated disorders.
Journal Article