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Cotton fibers are single-celled extensions of the seed epidermis. They can be isolated in pure form as they undergo staged differentiation including primary cell wall synthesis during elongation and nearly pure cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening. This combination of features supports clear interpretation of data about cell walls and cellulose synthesis in the context of high throughput modern experimental technologies. Prior contributions of cotton fiber to building fundamental knowledge about cell walls will be summarized and the dynamic changes in cell wall polymers throughout cotton fiber differentiation will be described. Recent successes in using stable cotton transformation to alter cotton fiber cell wall properties as well as cotton fiber quality will be discussed. Futurec prospects to perform experiments more rapidly through altering cotton fiberwall properties via virus-induced gene silencing will be evaluated.

A 78-year-old woman with a history of multiple falls as well as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, polymyalgia rheumatica, dementia, and right middle cerebral artery stroke with residual left-sided weakness presented to the emergency department with a displaced femoral neck fracture after a nonsyncopal fall (Fig. 1). Emergency medicine physicians must remain vigilant for the direction of dislocation, date of surgery, and HA design before reduction to increase the likelihood of successful reduction and prevent adverse outcomes.

Leaf shape varies spectacularly among plants. Leaves are the primary source of photoassimilate in crop plants, and understanding the genetic basis of variation in leaf morphology is critical to improving agricultural productivity. Leaf shape played a unique role in cotton improvement, as breeders have selected for entire and lobed leaf morphs resulting from a single locus, okra (L-D₁), which is responsible for the major leaf shapes in cotton. The L-D₁ locus is not only of agricultural importance in cotton, but through pioneering chimeric and morphometric studies, it has contributed to fundamental knowledge about leaf development. Here we show that an HD-Zip transcription factor homologous to the LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1) gene of Arabidopsis is the causal gene underlying the L-D₁ locus. The classical okra leaf shape allele has a 133-bp tandem duplication in the promoter, correlated with elevated expression, whereas an 8-bp deletion in the third exon of the presumed wild-type normal allele causes a frame-shifted and truncated coding sequence. Our results indicate that subokra is the ancestral leaf shape of tetraploid cotton that gave rise to the okra allele and that normal is a derived mutant allele that came to predominate and define the leaf shape of cultivated cotton. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the LMI1-like gene in an okra variety was sufficient to induce normal leaf formation. The developmental changes in leaves conferred by this gene are associated with a photosynthetic transcriptomic signature, substantiating its use by breeders to produce a superior cotton ideotype.

The musculoskeletal manifestations of hemophilia A and B are some of the most common presenting symptoms and continue to be challenging to practitioners. Hemophilic arthropathy, if not initially adequately treated and managed, may lead to debilitating disease and eventually require the consideration of major surgery, including total joint arthroplasty. Thorough comprehension of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and both medical and surgical interventions is critical in establishing an appropriate treatment regimen for these patients. Furthermore, a true multidisciplinary approach involving hematology, orthopedics, and physical therapy is essential for a patient with hemophilic arthropathy. The authors present a comprehensive review of hemophilic arthropathy from an orthopedist's perspective. [ Orthopedics. 2017; 40(6):e940–e946.]

Background The morphogenesis of single-celled cotton fiber includes extreme elongation and staged cell wall differentiation. Designing strategies for improving cotton fiber for textiles and other uses relies on uncovering the related regulatory mechanisms. In this research we compared the transcriptomes and metabolomes of two Gossypium genotypes, Gossypium barbadense cv Phytogen 800 and G. hirsutum cv Deltapine 90. When grown in parallel, the two types of fiber developed similarly except for prolonged fiber elongation in the G. barbadense cultivar. The data were collected from isolated fibers between 10 to 28 days post anthesis (DPA) representing: primary wall synthesis to support elongation; transitional cell wall remodeling; and secondary wall cellulose synthesis, which was accompanied by continuing elongation only in G. barbadense fiber. Results Of 206 identified fiber metabolites, 205 were held in common between the two genotypes. Approximately 38,000 transcripts were expressed in the fiber of each genotype, and these were mapped to the reference set and interpreted by homology to known genes. The developmental changes in the transcriptomes and the metabolomes were compared within and across genotypes with several novel implications. Transitional cell wall remodeling is a distinct stable developmental stage lasting at least four days (18 to 21 DPA). Expression of selected cell wall related transcripts was similar between genotypes, but cellulose synthase gene expression patterns were more complex than expected. Lignification was transcriptionally repressed in both genotypes. Oxidative stress was lower in the fiber of G. barbadense cv Phytogen 800 as compared to G. hirsutum cv Deltapine 90. Correspondingly, the G. barbadense cultivar had enhanced capacity for management of reactive oxygen species during its prolonged elongation period, as indicated by a 138-fold increase in ascorbate concentration at 28 DPA. Conclusions The parallel data on deep-sequencing transcriptomics and non-targeted metabolomics for two genotypes of single-celled cotton fiber showed that a discrete developmental stage of transitional cell wall remodeling occurs before secondary wall cellulose synthesis begins. The data showed how lignification can be transcriptionally repressed during secondary cell wall synthesis, and they implicated enhanced capacity to manage reactive oxygen species through the ascorbate-glutathione cycle as a positive contributor to fiber length.

A silencing vector for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was developed from the geminivirus Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV). The CLCrV coat protein gene was replaced by up to 500 bp of DNA homologous to one of two endogenous genes, the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene (Chll) or the phytoene desaturase gene (PDS). Cotyledons of cotton cultivar 'Deltapine 5415' bombarded with the modified viral vectors manifested chlorosis due to silencing of either Chll or PDS in approximately 70% of inoculated plants after 2 to 3 weeks. Use of the green fluorescence protein gene showed that replication of viral DNA was restricted to vascular tissue and that the viral vector could transmit to leaves, roots, and the ovule integument from which fibers originate. Temperature had profound effects on vector DNA accumulation and the spread of endogenous gene silencing. Consistent with reports that silencing against viruses increases at higher temperatures, plants grown at a 30°C/26°C day/night cycle had a greater than 10-fold reduction in viral DNA accumulation compared to plants grown at 22°C/18°C. However, endogenous gene silencing decreased at 30°C/26°C. There was an approximately 7 d delay in the onset of gene silencing at 22°C/18°C, but silencing was extensive and persisted throughout the life of the plant. The extent of silencing in new growth could be increased or decreased by changing temperature regimes at various times following the onset of silencing. Our experiments establish the use of the CLCrV silencing vector to study gene function in cotton and show that temperature can have a major impact on the extent of geminivirus-induced gene silencing.

BACKGROUND: We previously developed a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for cotton from the bipartite geminivirusCotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV). The original CLCrV VIGS vector was designed for biolistic delivery by a gene gun. This prerequisite limited the use of the system to labs with access to biolistic equipment. Here we describe the adaptation of this system for delivery by Agrobacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). We also describe the construction of two low-cost particle inflow guns. RESULTS: The biolistic CLCrV vector was transferred into two Agrobacterium binary plasmids. Agroinoculation of the binary plasmids into cotton resulted in silencing and GFP expression comparable to the biolistic vector. Two homemade low-cost gene guns were used to successfully inoculate cotton (G. hirsutum) and N. benthamiana with either the CLCrV VIGS vector or the Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) VIGS vector respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These innovations extend the versatility of CLCrV-based VIGS for analyzing gene function in cotton. The two low-cost gene guns make VIGS experiments affordable for both research and teaching labs by providing a working alternative to expensive commercial gene guns.

Cotton fiber morphogenesis reflects extreme elongation and staged cell wall differentiation in an easily isolated single cell. Uncovering the cellular control mechanisms can lead to strategies for producing improved cotton fiber for textiles and other uses. To identify potential controls of the higher quality fiber found in Gossypium barbadense as compared to more commonly grown G. hirsutum cotton, we compared the two fiber transcriptomes (as analyzed through Illumina sequencing) and metabolomes between 10 to 28 days post anthesis (DPA). This period included primary wall synthesis, transitional cell wall remodeling, and nearly pure cellulose synthesis. The data were interpreted in the context of detailed prior knowledge about comparative fiber development under well-controlled greenhouse conditions. Results: The two fiber types had 205 identified metabolites held in common. Approximately 38,000 transcripts were expressed in each fiber type, and these were mapped to the reference set and interpreted by homology to known genes. The developmental changes in the transcriptomes and the metabolomes were compared within and across fibers from the two species with several novel implications. Transitional cell wall remodeling is a distinct stable developmental stage lasting as least four days (18 to 21 DPA). Expression of selected cell wall related transcripts was similar between the two fiber types, but cellulose synthase gene expression patterns were more complex than expected. Cotton fiber secondary wall cellulose synthesis is controlled by transcription factors related to the differentiation of sclerenchyma cells in the plant body, but lignification is repressed at the transcriptional level. Oxidative stress was lower in G. barbadense fiber due to enhanced capacity for management of reactive oxygen species, as represented by its 138-fold increase in ascorbate at 28 DPA when its elongation was continuing. Conclusions: The results show the power of synthesizing transcriptomics by deep sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics for two species of single-celled cotton fiber during three key stages of cell wall synthesis. In particular, the data show how lignification can be repressed at the transcriptional level and implicate the improved capacity to manage reactive oxygen species as a likely avenue for increasing the length of G. hirsutum fiber.

Pocket-size, user-friendly roadmap to learning the basic skills of orthopaedic surgery! Surgery requires a combination of knowledge and skill acquired through years of direct observation, mentorship, and practice. The learning curve can be steep, frustrating, and intimidating for many medical students and junior residents. Too often, books and texts that attempt to translate the art of surgery are far too comprehensive for this audience and counterproductive to learning important basic skills to succeed. Outlines in Orthopaedic Surgery by Valentin Antoci and Adam Eltorai is the orthopaedic volume in a series of textbooks that offer a simplified roadmap to surgery. The text serves as starting point for learning orthopaedic surgery techniques, with room for adding notes, details, and pearls collected during the journey. This unique resource outlines key steps for common orthopaedic procedures, laying a solid foundation of basic knowledge from which trainees can easily build and expand. Thirty-five chapters are systematically organized and formatted by subspecialty, starting with an introduction, followed by sections covering surgery of the hand, shoulder and elbow, joint arthroplasty, sports orthopaedics, spine surgery, orthopaedic trauma, foot and ankle, and pediatrics. Each chapter includes symptoms and signs, surgical pathology, diagnostic modalities, differential diagnosis, treatment options, indications for surgical intervention, step-by-step procedures, pitfalls, and prognosis. Key Features * Concise text and bullets provide quick procedural outlines essential for understanding procedural steps * The generously illustrated text encompasses a full spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders related to degenerative changes, injuries, and congenital conditions * Treatment of a variety of fractures including both bones of the forearm, Monteggia and olecranon, lateral malleolus/bimalleolar ankle, and supracondylar humeral and intramedullary fixation of forearm fractures in pediatric patients This is an ideal, easy-to-read resource for medical students and junior residents to utilize during orthopaedic surgery rotations and for quick consultation during the early years of practice. It will also benefit allied health professionals who need a quick guide on core orthopaedic surgery procedures.

A silencing vector for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was developed from the geminivirus Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV). The CLCrV coat protein gene was replaced by up to 500 bp of DNA homologous to one of two endogenous genes, the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene (ChlI) or the phytoene desaturase gene (PDS). Cotyledons of cotton cultivar 'Deltapine 5415' bombarded with the modified viral vectors manifested chlorosis due to silencing of either ChlI or PDS in approximately 70% of inoculated plants after 2 to 3 weeks. Use of the green fluorescence protein gene showed that replication of viral DNA was restricted to vascular tissue and that the viral vector could transmit to leaves, roots, and the ovule integument from which fibers originate. Temperature had profound effects on vector DNA accumulation and the spread of endogenous gene silencing. Consistent with reports that silencing against viruses increases at higher temperatures, plants grown at a 30 degrees C/26 degrees C day/night cycle had a greater than 10-fold reduction in viral DNA accumulation compared to plants grown at 22 degrees C/18 degrees C. However, endogenous gene silencing decreased at 30 degrees C/26 degrees C. There was an approximately 7 d delay in the onset of gene silencing at 22 degrees C/18 degrees C, but silencing was extensive and persisted throughout the life of the plant. The extent of silencing in new growth could be increased or decreased by changing temperature regimes at various times following the onset of silencing. Our experiments establish the use of the CLCrV silencing vector to study gene function in cotton and show that temperature can have a major impact on the extent of geminivirus-induced gene silencing.