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Natural hazards such as landslides are among the most harmful and recurring hazards to infrastructure, communities, and the environment around the world. In Pakistan, the Balakot Valley is prone to severe landslides, especially along the Balakot–Naran route, which is a major economic and tourist route. This route requires accurate landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) to mitigate landslide risk. However, existing approaches mainly rely on statistical methods, which do not sufficiently address the complexity of spatial patterns and characteristics between landslide conditioning factors (LCFs) and their prevalence. In this study, small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) measurements of slope deformation (Vslope) were employed to update the landslide inventory. Following this update, an LSM was generated to examine the causal variables that are associated with landslide occurrences. Several machine learning (ML) classifiers, which include Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Light Gradient Boosting (LightGBM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and a hybrid (ADA + LGBM + XGB), are utilized for mapping landslide susceptibility. A total of 14 LCFs were considered, with 70% of the dataset being trained and 30% tested. To evaluate the significance of these variables, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) and the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were used. Results indicate that the hybrid model exhibits superior efficiency in the area under the curve (AUC) (88.00%), precision (84.69%), accuracy (84.52%), F1-score (84.69%), and recall (84.70%). The hybrid classifier, when combined with InSAR predictions, generates an improved LSM for the route. In conclusion, the improved LSM can effectively identify areas that are prone to landslides along the Balakot–Naran route.

Understanding the complex dynamics of HIV/AIDS transmission requires models that capture real-world progression and intervention impacts. This study introduces an innovative mathematical framework using fractal-fractional calculus to analyze HIV/AIDS dynamics, emphasizing memory effects and nonlocal interactions critical to disease spread. By dividing populations into four distinct compartments-susceptible individuals, infected individuals, those undergoing treatment, and individuals in advanced AIDS stages-the model reflects key phases of infection and therapeutic interventions. Unlike conventional approaches, the proposed nonlinear transmission function, , accounts for varying infectivity levels across stages (where is the total population and denotes the effective contact rate), offering a nuanced view of how treatment efficacy ( ) and progression to AIDS ( ) shape transmission. The analytical framework combines rigorous mathematical exploration with practical insights. We derive the basic reproduction number to assess outbreak potential and employ Lyapunov theory to establish global stability conditions. Using the Schauder fixed-point theorem, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions, while bifurcation analysis via center manifold theory reveals critical thresholds for disease persistence or elimination. We use a computational scheme that combines the Adams-Bashforth method with an interpolation-based correction technique to ensure numerical precision and confirm theoretical results. Sensitivity analysis highlights medication accessibility and delaying the spread of AIDS as a vital control strategy by identifying ( ) and ( ) as critical parameters. The numerical simulations illustrate the predictive ability of the model, which shows how fractal-fractional order affects outbreak trajectories and long-term disease burden. The framework outperforms conventional integer order models and produces more accurate epidemiological predictions by integrating memory-dependent transmission with fractional order flexibility. These findings demonstrate the model’s value in developing targeted public health initiatives, particularly in environments with limited resources where disease monitoring and balancing treatment allocation is essential. In the end, our work provides a tool to better predict and manage the evolving challenges of HIV/AIDS by bridging the gap between theoretical mathematics and actual disease control.

Tarbela dam experienced sudden and significant rises in 2010 and 2022 because there was insufficient future inflow information, leading to disastrous consequences for various aspects of life and infrastructure (Event Analysis, 2023). Forty-three years (1981 to 2023) data on precipitation, temperature and reservoir level and inflow of study area were collected from three main sources. Temperature data was obtained from the NASA Power Project data access viewer, available at (https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer) & Reservoir level and inflow data was obtained from WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority). Authors contributions: S. Jan: Conceptualization, model development, methodology & final review; U. Khan: Data collection; A. Khalil: Supervision; A. A. Khan: Statistical analysis; H. A. Jan: Literature review, and I. Ullah: Visualizations.

Effects of polyherbal mixture on hepatorenal injury and dyslipidaemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. Alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected into Wistar rats to induce diabetes. Animals were allotted to six groups (n = 6) and treatments were administered for consecutive six weeks as normal and diabetic controls, glibenclamide and polyherbal mixture (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg), respectively. Ameliorative effects of the polyherbal mixture were investigated by assessing FBG levels, changes in body and organ (liver and kidney) weights, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress along with inflammatory parameters in addition to histopathological examination of the liver and kidney. The results showed that alloxan-injected rats had significant (P < 0.05) hyperglycaemia in addition to elevated serum levels of hepatorenal injury indices (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, BUN and uric acid) and hyperlipidaemia evidenced by increased TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and decreased HDL-C levels. Furthermore, diabetes induction caused an increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and a reduction in antioxidant markers (SOD and CAT activities) as well as inflammation (TNF-α) in hepatic and renal tissues. Polyherbal mixture remarkably improved the aforementioned parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological findings supported the biochemical results. Conclusively, this study has provided novel insights into the efficacy of polyherbal mixtures in managing hyperglycaemia and its secondary complications in diabetes mellitus.

The SEIQHR model, introduced in this study, serves as a valuable tool for anticipating the emergence of various infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 and illnesses transmitted by insects. An analysis of the model’s qualitative features was conducted, encompassing the computation of the fundamental reproduction number, R0. It was observed that the disease-free equilibrium point remains singular and locally asymptotically stable when R0<1, while the endemic equilibrium point exhibits uniqueness when R0>1. Additionally, specific conditions were outlined to guarantee the local asymptotic stability of both equilibrium points. Employing numerical simulations, the graphical representation illustrated the influence of model parameters on disease dynamics and the potential for its eradication across different noninteger orders of the Caputo derivative. In essence, the adoption of a fractional epidemic model contributes to a deeper comprehension and enhanced biological insights into the dynamics of diseases.

Balanced nutrition is imperative for efficient nutrient management and has a considerable role in enhancing crop yield. To study the effect of various nitrogen sources at various sulfur levels on maize–wheat yield and N/S uptake under different climatic conditions, field experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, and Research Station Buner during 2018–2019. Nitrogen was applied at 150 kg ha −1 for maize and 120 kg ha −1 for wheat from inorganic (urea) and organic farm yard manure (FYM) sources at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, and sulfur levels from elemental sulfur of 0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha −1 . The study was carried out with a randomized complete block design with two-factorial arrangement and three replicates. Results shows that maximum 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, nitrogen uptake, and sulfur uptake were recorded at 50% organic and 50% inorganic nitrogen application for maize and wheat at both locations. Results regarding sulfur levels, maximum 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, and nitrogen uptake were recorded in the treatment group receiving 20 kg S ha −1 in Peshawar, and 40 kg S ha −1 in Buner; however, sulfur uptake increases with increase sulfur levels. The interaction between nitrogen sources and sulfur levels was significant; maximum grain yield and uptake of nitrogen and sulfur were recorded in the treatment group receiving 150 kg N ha −1 for maize and 120 kg N ha −1 for wheat along with 20 kg S ha −1 for Peshawar and 40 kg S ha −1 for Buner. Hence, it is recommended that 150 kg N ha −1 for maize and 120 kg N ha −1 for wheat (50% inorganic and 50% organic) along with 20 kg S ha −1 for Peshawar and 40 kg S ha −1 for Buner as a source of elemental sulfur be used for optimum grain yield and N/S uptake.

he objective of this study was to compare the mesio-distal tooth sizes in Saudi boys and girls among different malocclusions and to determine whether there is any gender dimorphism present. The dental casts of 120 subjects (60 boys, 60 girls) between 12 and 16 years of age, with Class I, Class II div 1, Class II div 2 and Class III malocclusions were used. Each group consisted of 30 subjects. An electronic digital caliper was used to measure the mesio-distal tooth sizes of the upper and lower permanent teeth (first molar to first molar). Almost all the teeth mesio distal widths has statistically significant difference between the malocclusion groups except maxillary right and left first molars and mandibular right lateral incisor. Male female comparisons indicate the presence of sexual dimorphism except in the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors. The mesio-distal sizes of upper right and left second premolars, upper left canine and first molar were significantly larger in the boys than in the girls. In the lower arch the mesio-distal widths of right and left canines and right first molar were significantly larger in the boys than in the girls. Statistically highly signicant sexual dimorphism shown by mandibular canines could be used as adjuncts for the determination of gender in individuals, as well as in groups, such as in mass disasters and archaeological sites.