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This essay argues that the textual differences between the quarto and folio versions of William Shakespeare’s 2 Henry VI evince the three-way ideological contestation between the aristocracy, the middling sort, and the lower classes in early modern England. Perhaps the most famous scenes from the play, those depicting Jack Cade’s rebellion, exist in both versions, but the portrayal of the uprising is very different between the two texts. The 1594 quarto gives us a vicious Cade intent on destroying businesses, raping women, and spurning well-meaning nobles; the 1623 folio version, by contrast, gives us an eloquent if imperfect Cade whose grievances are justified, reasoned, and well articulated. Political and economic power was steadily shifting during this period from the aristocracy to the middling sort, and, although the differences in Cade’s rebellion from the quarto to the folio might seem to indicate a revision in favor of the rebels, what the changes represent is the beginning of the transfer of ideological power from the aristocracy to upper-class commoners. To the nobility, the rebels are rioters, intent on causing chaos. For the middling sort, it was more advantageous to label them justified protesters, as the rebellion might remove the middling sort’s direct competition—the aristocracy. Thus, the two authoritative texts of Shakespeare’s 2 Henry VI can help us understand changing perceptions of popular riot and protest in the period and their connection to dominant and emerging class ideologies.

This essay examines Thomas Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599) and the ways that it dramatizes the ideological emergence of the early modern citizenry in London. Looking through the dual lens of modern genre theory and Marxist literary criticism, the essay argues that the early modern history play is a precursor to the city comedy form and that The Shoemaker's Holiday is a hybrid play drawing on aspects of both genres. The play exhibits not just this generic shift but also the economic and ideological tensions between the aristocracy and early bourgeoisie that this shift represents. Ultimately, the essay argues that greater scholarly flexibility in defining genres and understanding their evolution can yield further insight into the similarly flexible and sometimes undefined nature of social relations in early modern England.

Unraveling the complex relationship between lichen fungal and algal partners has been crucial in understanding lichen dispersal capacity, evolutionary processes, and responses in the face of environmental change. However, lichen symbiosis remains enigmatic, including the ability of a single fungal partner to associate with various algal partners. Psora decipiens is a characteristic lichen of biological soil crusts (BSCs), across semi‐arid, temperate, and alpine biomes, which are particularly susceptible to habitat loss and climate change. The high levels of morphological variation found across the range of Psora decipiens may contribute to its ability to withstand environmental change. To investigate Psora decipiens acclimation potential, individuals were transplanted between four climatically distinct sites across a European latitudinal gradient for 2 years. The effect of treatment was investigated through a morphological examination using light and SEM microscopy; 26S rDNA and rbcL gene analysis assessed site‐specific relationships and lichen acclimation through photobiont switching. Initial analysis revealed that many samples had lost their algal layers. Although new growth was often determined, the algae were frequently found to have died without evidence of a new photobiont being incorporated into the thallus. Mycobiont analysis investigated diversity and determined that new growth was a part of the transplant, thus, revealing that four distinct fungal clades, closely linked to site, exist. Additionally, P. decipiens was found to associate with the green algal genus Myrmecia, with only two genetically distinct clades between the four sites. Our investigation has suggested that P. decipiens cannot acclimate to the substantial climatic variability across its environmental range. Additionally, the different geographical areas are home to genetically distinct and unique populations. The variation found within the genotypic and morpho‐physiological traits of P. decipiens appears to have a climatic determinant, but this is not always reflected by the algal partner. Although photobiont switching occurs on an evolutionary scale, there is little evidence to suggest an active environmentally induced response. These results suggest that this species, and therefore, other lichen species, and BSC ecosystems themselves may be significantly vulnerable to climate change and habitat loss. We have shown that Psora decipiens, a characteristic and important lichen of biological soil crusts worldwide, cannot acclimate to the substantial climatic variability across its environmental range. Different geographical areas are home to genetically distinct and unique populations. Although photobiont switching occurs on an evolutionary scale there is little evidence to suggest an active environmentally induced response. These results suggest that this species, and therefore, other lichen species and BSC ecosystems themselves, may be significantly vulnerable to climate change and habitat loss.

Community‐level actions addressing anthropogenic climate change are paramount to survival. However, there are limitations to the current binary approach which considers adaptation and mitigation as mutually exclusive actions. Drawing from research in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, this commentary demonstrates: (a) Indigenous knowledge, emerging from a deep connectivity to habitat, cumulative over generations, and empirically‐based, is the foundation of ecological calendars; (b) ecological calendars build anticipatory capacity, the ability to envision possible and sustainable futures, for anthropogenic climate change; and (c) this anticipatory approach engages adaptive and mitigative actions to climate change working in tandem to ensure wellbeing and food security. This paper maintains that the adaptation‐mitigation continuum involves foresight and action today in preparation for future change. Furthermore, context‐specific ecological calendars represent an effective mechanism for communities to build and retain knowledge across generations and deep connections to their habitat. Finally, further modeling needs to be undertaken with participation and leadership from Indigenous and rural communities to understand how they use the adaptation‐mitigation continuum for anticipatory action to develop multiple optimal solutions to address environmental change. Plain Language Summary Adaptation and mitigation are related components of anticipatory capacity which informs a community's action to secure its livelihood and food systems. Anticipatory capacity, the ability to envision sustainable futures under conditions of anthropogenic climate change, needs to be grounded in the local ecological and sociocultural context to be effective. It relies on various ways of knowing, that consider the complex connectivity of relations between humans and their habitat within a specific context. In this reflective essay, a strong case is made for Indigenous knowledge systems as providing a foundational base for strategic action to the climate crisis while also engaging complementary knowledge sources from the biophysical and social sciences. This grounded and “thick” understanding can be brought to bear on actions that simultaneously mitigate and adapt to anthropogenic climate change. In an upcoming special issue of GeoHealth entitled “Rhythms of the Earth: Ecological Calendars and Anticipating the Anthropogenic Climate Crisis,” international research will be presented to demonstrate, in diverse international Indigenous contexts, a culturally and ecologically grounded approach to addressing the local level impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Key Points The adaptation‐mitigation binary, while conceptually useful, does not reflect how rural societies make decisions about climate change Anticipatory capacity includes facets of adaptation and mitigation strategies working in tandem rather than as mutually exclusive decisions For generations, Indigenous communities have used ecological calendars as a form of anticipatory capacity for seasonal and climatic changes

Seasonal rounds are deliberative articulations of a community’s sociocultural relations with their ecological system. The process of visualizing seasonal rounds informs transdisciplinary research. We present a methodological approach for communities of enquiry to engage communities of practice through context-specific sociocultural and ecological relations driven by seasonal change. We first discuss historical précis of the concept of seasonal rounds that we apply to assess the spatial and temporal communal migrations and then describe current international research among Indigenous and rural communities in North America and Central Asia by the creation of a common vocabulary through mutual respect for multiple ways of knowing, validation of co-generated knowledge, and insights into seasonal change. By investigating the relationship between specific biophysical indicators and livelihoods of local communities, we demonstrate that seasonal rounds are an inclusive and participatory methodology that brings together diverse Indigenous and rural voices to anticipate anthropogenic climate change.

This dissertation combines Marxist theories of class consciousness and literary genre with an understanding of sixteenth century historiography in order to examine early modern plays that contain elements of both the English history play and city comedy. From about 1589 to 1620, there is a marked shift in audience preference from the former to the latter which is indicative of the cultural and political shift from an aristocratic ideology to a proto-bourgeois one. Such changes were caused most significantly by the rise of Protestantism and capitalism over the course of the sixteenth century. The project argues that economic, political, and religious changes in the period led to a type of historical representation, the history play, that demonstrated the contingency of historical narrative and facilitated the development of a critical historical consciousness in the theatre audience. Consequently, this historical consciousness caused a new social consciousness to develop, one which aligned itself with an emerging citizen ideology and eventually led to the growth of the city comedy genre. Hybrid plays like the ones covered have been discussed by other scholars, several of whom have pointed to a connection between the history play and city comedy genre; this project takes the significant step of suggesting a direct causal relationship between them and linking this directly to other cultural and economic developments.

Background.Invasive pneumococcal disease is a life-threatening complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and at least 20% of cases occur within 1 year after transplantation. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) has limited efficacy, especially during the first year after transplantation. The immune response to the conjugated vaccines is expected to be better than that to the polysaccharide vaccine, but the optimal timing of vaccination is not defined. Our objective was to show that a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7; Prevnar) was not inferior when first given 3 months after transplantation, compared with when first given 9 months after transplantation. Methods.We performed a multicenter, randomized, noninferiority study involving 158 patients from 13 European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation centers who were randomly allocated at ∼100 days after myeloablative stem cell transplantation to receive a series of vaccinations (3 doses of PCV7 given 1 month apart) that was started immediately (i.e., 3 months after transplantation) or 6 months later (i.e., 9 months after transplantation). The primary evaluation criterion was the rate of response (antibody level, ⩾0.15 µg/mL for each of the 7 serotypes) at 1 month after the third dose of PCV7. The noninferiority margin was 20%. All patients were followed up for 24 months after transplantation or until death, whichever occurred first. Results.We found that the response rate was not lower after early vaccination (79% [45 of 57 patients]) than after late vaccination (82% [47 of 57 patients]) (difference, −3.5%; 90% confidence interval, −15.6 to 8.6; not significant). Conclusions.We conclude that PCV7 vaccination at 3 months after stem cell transplantation is not inferior to PCV7 vaccination at 9 months after transplantation. Because invasive pneumococcal disease can occur early, we recommend starting the PCV7 vaccination series at 3 months after transplantation to ensure earlier protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the early vaccination may result in only short-lasting response and may not prime for a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine boost as efficiently as the late vaccination.

Background The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) related containment measures led to the disruption of all virus distribution. Bronchiolitis-related hospitalizations shrank during 2020–2021, rebounding to pre-pandemic numbers the following year. This study aims to describe the trend in bronchiolitis-related hospitalization this year, focusing on severity and viral epidemiology. Methods We conducted a retrospective investigation collecting clinical records data from all infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis during winter (1st September-31th March) from September 2018 to March 2023 in six Italian hospitals. No trial registration was necessary according to authorization no.9/2014 of the Italian law. Results Nine hundred fifty-three infants were hospitalized for bronchiolitis this last winter, 563 in 2021–2022, 34 in 2020–2021, 395 in 2019–2020 and 483 in 2018–2019. The mean length of stay was significantly longer this year compared to all previous years (mean 7.2 ± 6 days in 2022–2023), compared to 5.7 ± 4 in 2021–2022, 5.3 ± 4 in 2020–2021, 6.4 ± 5 in 2019–2020 and 5.5 ± 4 in 2018–2019 ( p  < 0.001), respectively. More patients required mechanical ventilation this winter 38 (4%), compared to 6 (1%) in 2021–2022, 0 in 2020–2021, 11 (2%) in 2019–2020 and 6 (1%) in 2018–2019 ( p  < 0.05), respectively. High-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive respiratory supports were statistically more common last winter ( p  = 0.001 or less). RSV prevalence and distribution did not differ this winter, but coinfections were more prevalent 307 (42%), 138 (31%) in 2021–2022, 1 (33%) in 2020–2021, 68 (23%) in 2019–2020, 61 (28%) in 2018–2019 ( p  = 0.001). Conclusions This study shows a growth of nearly 70% in hospitalisations for bronchiolitis, and an increase in invasive respiratory support and coinfections, suggesting a more severe disease course this winter compared to the last five years.

When researchers publish new cluster algorithms, they usually demonstrate the strengths of their novel approaches by comparing the algorithms’ performance with existing competitors. However, such studies are likely to be optimistically biased towards the new algorithms, as the authors have a vested interest in presenting their method as favorably as possible in order to increase their chances of getting published. Therefore, the superior performance of newly introduced cluster algorithms is over-optimistic and might not be confirmed in independent benchmark studies performed by neutral and unbiased authors. This problem is known among many researchers, but so far, the different mechanisms leading to over-optimism in cluster algorithm evaluation have never been systematically studied and discussed. Researchers are thus often not aware of the full extent of the problem. We present an illustrative study to illuminate the mechanisms by which authors—consciously or unconsciously—paint their cluster algorithm’s performance in an over-optimistic light. Using the recently published cluster algorithm Rock as an example, we demonstrate how optimization of the used datasets or data characteristics, of the algorithm’s parameters and of the choice of the competing cluster algorithms leads to Rock’s performance appearing better than it actually is. Our study is thus a cautionary tale that illustrates how easy it can be for researchers to claim apparent “superiority” of a new cluster algorithm. This illuminates the vital importance of strategies for avoiding the problems of over-optimism (such as, e.g., neutral benchmark studies), which we also discuss in the article.