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Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years 1,2 . Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period 3 . Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe 4 , but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.

Las inversiones térmicas constituyen un fenómeno meteorológico frecuente en áreas de montaña, por el que una masa de aire cálido se superpone a una masa de aire frío. El aire frío en superficie (CAP) causa, entre otros impactos, la acumulación de contaminantes cerca de sus fuentes de emisión. Este trabajo analiza las características de estos eventos en Campoo, un valle montañoso del norte de España, y evalúa su influencia en la calidad del aire local. Estos eventos se generan durante todo el año, siendo más fuertes y persistentes en los meses invernales, caracterizándose por un acusado ciclo diario de temperatura y humedad, cielos despejados y una capa límite de reducido espesor. Los vientos muestran una débil circulación con sentido ascendente por el día y descendente por la noche. Como consecuencia de la gran estabilidad atmosférica, los niveles de NO2 y PM10 experimentan un aumento mientras que la reducción de O3 es compensada a medida que avanza la estación cálida por procesos fotoquímicos. Sobre esta dinámica natural se superpone el origen local de los compuestos contaminantes, que determina una evolución temporal sujeta a variaciones en la actividad humana, como demuestra un \"efecto fin de semana\" y una mejora de la calidad del aire después de la pandemia de COVID-19.

La historia del conocimiento geográfico de Sierra Nevada no ha sido rigurosamente abordada desde una perspectiva relacional dentro del contexto del fenómeno global europeo de la interpretación de la montaña. Desde ahí, el artículo propone como hipótesis que el discurso geográfico decimonónico sobre la Sierra estuvo determinado por la apropiación del referente alpino a través de unos determinados recursos convencionales. Mediante el análisis hermenéutico comparativo de documentación narrativa y gráfica sobre ambos sistemas montañosos, se analiza la relevancia que tuvieron la transmisión, apropiación y reinterpretación de métodos, modelos de representación y estrategias narrativas foráneas, conformados a partir de la aplicación de la visión panorámica al estudio de los Alpes, en la legitimación del relato geográfico moderno de Sierra Nevada a través de la obra de Simón de Rojas Clemente y Rubio y Juan Carandell. Recurriendo al marco teórico de las geografías de recepción, se discuten las implicancias epistemológicas de la aplicación y extrapolación de dichos métodos y estrategias en la montaña nevadense. Se concluye que la Sierra constituyó un complejo espacio epistemológico periférico de reinterpretación hermenéutica del paradigma de la alta montaña alpina. De este modo, se infiere que la interpretación geográfica del macizo osciló entre la pretendida universalidad del discurso canónico importado de la alta montaña europea y el reconocimiento de una identidad geográfica diferente que se correspondiera con los particularismos del macizo.

La despoblación es un tema de investigación consolidado y más recientemente también es protagonista en las agendas políticas. En este contexto, se propone una metodología de análisis de patrones emergentes para revelar tendencias espaciotemporales significativas y matizar los patrones de la pérdida de población a nivel municipal entre 1998 y 2021. A partir de fuentes convencionales, como el Padrón Municipal de Habitantes, los resultados demuestran un comportamiento sistémico bipolar frío-caliente, más equilibrado en su dimensión superficial que poblacional. Se confirma la existencia de dos realidades norte-sur en la España que se despuebla, concentrándose en la mitad norte los patrones fríos más marcados (crecientes y consecutivos). El estudio aporta una metodología escalable y exportable a otros periodos y/o territorios.

It is necessary to have unified tools and methodologies for the correct understanding and quantification of urbanization effects on watershed hydrology. This study presents a modelling-based methodology developed on EPA SWMM to evaluate the effect of urbanization in conceptual watersheds using meteorological data from cities in Spain and Colombia. Results show that the effect of urbanization is significant in variables such as runoff volume, peak flow and pollutant loads, increasing these indicators in all cases. Furthermore, this effect has different dynamics for the regions evaluated. Overall, Colombian cities presented higher runoff volumes, peak flows and pollutant loads, while Spanish cities presented higher variability in these variables due to urbanization. The analysis allowed to cluster the cities within each country, using as criteria the modelled hydrological behaviour. A curve fitting procedure presented high performance rates for all the variables studied.

Coastal flood risks are rising rapidly. We provide high resolution estimates of the economic value of mangroves forests for flood risk reduction every 20 km worldwide. We develop a probabilistic, process-based valuation of the effects of mangroves on averting damages to people and property. We couple spatially-explicit 2-D hydrodynamic analyses with economic models, and find that mangroves provide flood protection benefits exceeding $US 65 billion per year. If mangroves were lost, 15 million more people would be flooded annually across the world. Some of the nations that receive the greatest economic benefits include the USA, China, India and Mexico. Vietnam, India and Bangladesh receive the greatest benefits in terms of people protected. Many (>45) 20-km coastal stretches particularly those near cities receive more than $US 250 million annually in flood protection benefits from mangroves. These results demonstrate the value of mangroves as natural coastal defenses at global, national and local scales, which can inform incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration in development, climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction and insurance

Wind-generated ocean waves drive important coastal processes that determine flooding and erosion. Ocean warming has been one factor affecting waves globally. Most studies have focused on studying parameters such as wave heights, but a systematic, global and long-term signal of climate change in global wave behavior remains undetermined. Here we show that the global wave power, which is the transport of the energy transferred from the wind into sea-surface motion, has increased globally (0.4% per year) and by ocean basins since 1948. We also find long-term correlations and statistical dependency with sea surface temperatures, globally and by ocean sub-basins, particularly between the tropical Atlantic temperatures and the wave power in high south latitudes, the most energetic region globally. Results indicate the upper-ocean warming, a consequence of anthropogenic global warming, is changing the global wave climate, making waves stronger. This identifies wave power as a potentially valuable climate change indicator.

Extreme waves will undergo changes in the future when exposed to different climate change scenarios. These changes are evaluated through the analysis of significant wave height (Hs) return values and are also compared with annual mean Hs projections. Hourly time series are analyzed through a seven-member ensemble of wave climate simulations and changes are estimated in Hs for return periods from 5 to 100 years by the end of the century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Despite the underlying uncertainty that characterizes extremes, we obtain robust changes in extreme Hs over more than approximately 25% of the ocean surface. The results obtained conclude that increases cover wider areas and are larger in magnitude than decreases for higher return periods. The Southern Ocean is the region where the most robust increase in extreme Hs is projected, showing local increases of over 2 m regardless the analyzed return period under RCP8.5 scenario. On the contrary, the tropical north Pacific shows the most robust decrease in extreme Hs, with local decreases of over 1.5 m. Relevant divergences are found in several ocean regions between the projected behavior of mean and extreme wave conditions. For example, an increase in Hs return values and a decrease in annual mean Hs is found in the SE Indian, NW Atlantic and NE Pacific. Therefore, an extrapolation of the expected change in mean wave conditions to extremes in regions presenting such divergences should be adopted with caution, since it may lead to misinterpretation when used for the design of marine structures or in the evaluation of coastal flooding and erosion.

Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400?M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk, but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses (e.g., insurance).

This research was funded by the EU Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and the Spanish Government under RETOS-COLABORACIÓN RTC-2017-6782-3 and by the University of Cantabria Industrial Doctorate 19.DI12.649.