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This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three contemporary large language models (LLMs) ChatGPT 5.0, Claude 4.5 Sonnet, and Gemini 2.5 Flash in generating reporting-compliant abstracts of scientific articles in the dental literature. The models were assessed using guideline-based checklists (STROBE-A, PRISMA-A, CARE-A) and two readability metrics (FRE, FKGL). This experimental, within-items comparative study included 75 full-text PubMed articles (25 STROBE, 25 PRISMA, 25 CARE) published between 2020 and 2025. Original abstracts, author information, and metadata were removed before providing full texts to each LLM. All models received an identical standardized prompt, and generated summaries were independently evaluated using 12-item checklists aligned with the corresponding reporting guidelines. Readability was assessed using FRE and FKGL. Statistical analyses were performed using One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc testing. LLM performance varied significantly across study design category. In meta-analyses, ChatGPT achieved higher quality scores than Claude ( p  = 0.007), while no significant differences were observed among models for case reports or original research ( p  > 0.05). All LLMs performed better in summarizing case reports and original research compared with meta-analyses ( p  < 0.05). Readability analysis showed that LLM-generated abstracts were consistently more readable than original abstracts and full texts (FRE: p  < 0.001; FKGL: p  < 0.001), with Gemini producing the highest readability values across all study design categories. LLMs demonstrated strong summarization performance in structurally simple study design categories case reports and original research while their performance declined for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Although LLM-generated summaries substantially improved readability, guideline adherence and methodological precision remained inconsistent, underscoring the need for human oversight, particularly for complex evidence syntheses.

Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a benign fibro-osseous condition typically presenting as multifocal, sclerotic masses throughout the jaws. While often asymptomatic, the hypovascular nature of the dysplastic bone predisposes it to secondary infection, which can mimic more aggressive pathologies. We present a complex diagnostic challenge involving a 76-year-old female with a history of intravenous ibandronic acid therapy for 18 months. The patient presented with a purulent mandibular fistula and exposed bone, leading to an initial clinical suspicion of Stage 2 Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ). Radiographic evaluation, however, revealed generalized \"cotton-wool\" opacities across all four quadrants, characteristic of FCOD, with multifocal mixed radiolucent-radiopaque changes and a localized demarcated sequestrum in the symptomatic area. Accordingly, the diagnostic reasoning progressed from an initial clinical suspicion of MRONJ, to radiologic consideration of infected FCOD, and finally to exclusion of plasma cell neoplasia by immunohistochemical evaluation. The diagnostic dilemma intensified during histopathological analysis, which revealed an unusually dense, sheet-like infiltration of plasma cells within the fibro-osseous stroma. This striking plasmacytosis initially raised suspicion for a plasma cell neoplasm, such as plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma. To differentiate reactive inflammation from malignancy, immunohistochemical staining for kappa and lambda light chains was performed, demonstrating a polyclonal pattern that confirmed a reactive process. The final diagnosis was determined as FCOD with superimposed secondary osteomyelitis. Following conservative surgical debridement and targeted antibiotic therapy, the patient showed clinical resolution and remained stable at a 6-month follow-up. Recognizing these overlaps is essential for preventing over-treatment and ensuring appropriate management in elderly patients with complex medical backgrounds.

Objective Jaw cysts are frequent radiolucent lesions in dentistry that can present diagnostic difficulties due to their similar radiographic appearance. This study aimed to develop an AI-based detection and classification system for jaw cysts using the YOLO v11 deep learning model on panoramic radiographs. Materials and methods A total of 311 panoramic images (211 cystic, 100 normal) were labeled and augmented. The YOLO v11 Small model was trained in both multi-class (distinguishing between dentigerous cysts [DCs], odontogenic keratocysts [OKCs], and radicular cysts [RCs]) and single-class configurations (detecting cysts without type differentiation). Performance metrics included precision, recall, F1 score, and mean average precision (mAP). Results In the multi-class model, the system achieved an mAP of 86%, with precision of 84%, recall of 82%, and F1 score of 83%. Class-wise mean accuracies were 91% for DCs, 85% for OKCs, and 82% for RCs. The single-class model showed slightly lower performance with an mAP of 84% and F1 score of 81%. Conclusion YOLO v11 demonstrated high accuracy in detecting jaw cysts, indicating its potential to support dental diagnostics. Further validation on larger and balanced datasets is recommended to enhance generalizability.

The main role of panoramic radiography lies in its rapid screening capability and its ability to detect and identify bone lesions, pathologies, and tooth-bearing structures. Since panoramic radiographs are widely used, they provide a good view of the jaw bones, maxillary sinus, and temporomandibular area. However, their major limitation is the reduced ability to accurately assess bone conditions, particularly in evaluating cortical integrity or identifying subtle, nondisplaced, or greenstick-type fracture lines. Other limitations include the presence of artifacts, image distortion, magnification variability, and high sensitivity to patient and film positioning, all of which can compromise image quality and diagnostic confidence. This 2D imaging method is still used worldwide, especially by dentists; however, this type of radiograph can be unpredictable due to structural superimposition and reduced ability to clearly establish, measure, and verify the precise dimensions, boundaries, and areas occupied by selected lesions. Many patients undergo panoramic imaging to assess possible mandibular fractures after trauma or following the removal of cysts, tumors, or impacted teeth. In most cases, the occurrence of a fracture without displacement can be misjudged, omitted, or underestimated. In such cases, either cone-beam computed tomography is performed or a detailed clinical examination before or during surgery, followed by intraoperative assessment, helps identify a possible fracture line, bone bending, mandibular instability, or the potential need for simultaneous prophylactic plating during dental procedures or the use of maxillomandibular fixation. This paper presents the author's own experience regarding the limitations of panoramic radiographs in estimating bone condition and detecting fracture lines. Therefore, it is essential to highlight the role of prophylactic (preventive) mandibular plating (PMP) or fixation and to clarify when it should be considered.

Brown tumors (BTs) are rare osteolytic lesions that typically occur in association with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism (PHP and SHP). Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone induces increased bone resorption, resulting in lesions characterized by fibrosis, vascularization, and hemosiderin deposition. The most common sites include the jaws, ribs, pelvis, and long bones. Clinical manifestations may involve pain, swelling, or pathological fractures. We present the case of a mandibular BT in a 48-year-old female with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The patient exhibited progressive mandibular swelling with radiological features resembling an aggressive odontogenic or malignant lesion. Laboratory analysis confirmed markedly elevated parathyroid hormone levels, while scintigraphy demonstrated increased focal uptake in the mandible and ribs. Histopathological evaluation revealed multinucleated giant cells within a fibrous stroma, consistent with BT. Despite initiation of systemic endocrine therapy, the lesion continued to enlarge, necessitating complete surgical excision of the mandibular mass. This case underscores the diagnostic dilemmas of mandibular BT, which may closely mimic aggressive jaw pathologies. Importantly, while many BTs regress after systemic management of hyperparathyroidism, this case illustrates that surgical excision may be unavoidable in patients with unstable systemic status or progressive local disease. Comprehensive clinical, radiological, laboratory, and histopathological evaluation remains essential to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Mandibular cystic lesions are heterogeneous in biologic behavior, radiologic appearance, and surgical management. Treatment selection is influenced by lesion extent, cortical bone condition, structural stability, and proximity to adjacent teeth and vital anatomical structures. In large mandibular lesions, case-specific decision-making may range from staged decompression or marsupialization to single-stage enucleation, peripheral ostectomy, graft-assisted reconstruction, and preventive mandibular plating (PMP). In the first case, a 60-year-old female presented with bilateral mandibular lesions: a dentigerous cyst on the right side, treated with marsupialization followed by enucleation, and a contralateral glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) managed with primary enucleation alone. The second case involved a large, unilateral odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) managed with a radical approach, including enucleation followed by peripheral ostectomy and PMP. Histopathologic evaluation was performed in both cases to confirm diagnosis and support definitive treatment planning. Radiologic follow-up at 1 year demonstrated bone regeneration in all treated sites. This case report presents two different clinical cases involving three mandibular cystic lesions managed according to case-specific surgical indications and evaluated with standardized postoperative panoramic and CBCT imaging; limited supportive assessment of trabecular bone remodeling was also performed to further characterize radiologic healing patterns. The authors aimed to descriptively document postoperative bone condition, radiologic healing, and patient safety in these cases, and to highlight the most important surgical and radiological findings that may influence case-specific clinical decision-making.

The range of possible inflammatory changes in the oral cavity and in the maxillary and mandibular bones may present with diverse patterns and characteristics in both clinical and radiological evaluation. In most cases, a standard radiological examination, such as dental panoramic radiograph (DPR), has significant limitations in assessing early or complex bone changes associated with chronic bone inflammation. Advanced imaging with multidetector computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography (MDCT or CBCT) can improve lesion characterization and surgical planning when a detailed evaluation of tooth-bearing structures, tooth apices, cortical plates, and cancellous bone is required. Such imaging allows more detailed assessment of alterations in medullary bone morphology and architecture, as well as identification of possible periosteal reactions adjacent to chronic bone inflammation. Osteomyelitis of the jaws comprises a heterogeneous group of inflammatory bone disorders characterized by variable clinical presentations and a broad spectrum of radiological appearances. Depending on disease chronicity, host factors, and microbial burden, mandibular osteomyelitis may mimic odontogenic tumors, fibro-osseous lesions, or malignant bone pathologies. Quite often, dental treatment affects bone status and condition, leading to unwanted events such as bone inflammation. Imaging plays a central role in diagnosis; however, radiographic findings are often nonspecific, particularly in early or chronic stages. Each case of osteomyelitis underscores the importance of correlating imaging findings with clinical history and highlights the role of repeated imaging in distinguishing inflammatory bone disease from aggressive jaw lesions. This study aims to characterize diverse patterns of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis associated with various prior treatment modalities using CBCT. By presenting a series of illustrative cases from heterogeneous clinical settings, the authors highlight the nonspecific radiographic features and diagnostic challenges inherent in chronic bone inflammation. The focus remains on the interpretation of complex imaging findings rather than a comparative analysis of technical protocols.

Pediatric odontogenic tumors are rare but are frequently overlooked because they often mimic simple cysts on routine radiographic examinations. The radiographic appearance on panoramic imaging and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) frequently does not correlate with the true biological nature of these lesions. On CBCT, classic odontogenic tumors often demonstrate mixed radiolucent–radiopaque patterns with ill-defined borders, internal calcifications, septations, or other structural features. The diagnostic challenge arises when an odontogenic tumor mimics a unilateral, well-defined radiolucent area or a cystic lesion with clear borders and no associated tooth displacement, erosion, root resorption, or cortical bone dehiscence. Panoramic radiography has inherent diagnostic limitations but remains widely used for routine dental screening. CBCT provides enhanced three-dimensional assessment and improves diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of jaw lesions. A marked increase in dental follicle diameter necessitates differentiation between cystic transformation, inflammatory processes, and other odontogenic pathologies. Cortical swelling and bone asymmetry warrant careful evaluation. In this context, an atypical cyst-like lesion detected on routine panoramic radiography prompted a needle aspiration biopsy, which revealed a dry tap and suggested a solid lesion. This prompted CBCT evaluation. Two juvenile cases are presented in which clinical findings, panoramic radiography, and CBCT provided discordant diagnostic impressions of cystic-appearing lesions with well-defined borders and bone expansion. These cases illustrate a diagnostic pathway in which imaging demonstrates a cyst-like appearance with benign radiological features, fine-needle aspiration biopsy reveals the absence of cystic fluid, and histopathology confirms that radiology alone cannot reliably distinguish true cysts from solid odontogenic tumors in pediatric patients.

Background/Objectives: Odontogenic infections range from localized abscesses to life-threatening deep neck infections and are a frequent cause of emergency admission. We aimed to identify prognostic factors for postoperative complications after their surgical treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 194 adults (59.3% male) treated at the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery in Cracow between 2020 and 2025. The primary outcome was any postoperative complication, graded by the Clavien–Dindo classification and dichotomized into minor (grade I–II) and major (grade ≥ III). Prolonged hospitalization and prolonged irrigation (>7 days) were secondary outcomes. Pre-specified main factors (advanced age, diffuse phlegmonous spread, diabetes mellitus) and covariates (sex, maxillary location, systemic disease) were tested by uni- and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Comorbidities were present in 69.1%. Complications occurred in 49 patients (25.3%): 19 (9.8%) minor and 30 (15.5%) major, including 12 grade IV intensive-care events and two deaths (grade V). In multivariable analysis, diffuse phlegmonous spread independently predicted any complication (adjusted OR 11.7), major complication (OR 23.4), prolonged hospitalization (OR 5.02) and prolonged irrigation (OR 4.39; all p ≤ 0.004). Advancing age independently predicted major complications (OR 1.03 per year, p = 0.037). Both fatal cases shared phlegmon, maxillary location and diabetes. Conclusions: Diffuse phlegmonous spread was the principal prognostic factor across all adverse outcomes, with advancing age additionally predicting major complications. Because intensive-care admission occurred almost exclusively in phlegmon patients, this association is partly definitional. Early identification of diffuse spread and advanced age may support effective triage.

Radicular cysts (RCs) represent the most frequent inflammatory cystic lesions of the jaw, typically arising from non-vital teeth. While standard management via enucleation is well-documented, complex cases involving the anterior maxilla present significant surgical challenges due to their proximity to the nasal cavity floor (NCF) and the maxillary sinus floor (MSF). This report provides a comprehensive revision of a clinical case series involving seven patients (ages 17–50) treated with multimodal surgical and regenerative protocols. The patients were stratified into five distinct anatomical risk groups (A–E) based on the integrity of the bony boundaries and the presence of oronasal communications. The treatment strategies combined meticulous cyst enucleation with advanced regenerative techniques, including platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), allogeneic and xenograft bone substitutes, and local flaps such as the buccal fat pad (BFP). The results across all seven cases demonstrated favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes, with no instances of oronasal fistula formation or recurrence during follow-up periods ranging from 12 months to three years. This report emphasizes the necessity of structured anatomical stratification and multimodal planning to ensure scientific precision and surgical predictability in the management of complex maxillary lesions. The differences between approaches towards the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus have to be highlighted. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to evaluate the long-term outcomes of different treatment modalities.