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In the era of pervasive multimedia communication, image data has become a dominant form of information exchange across embedded, mobile, and IoT platforms. This surge in visual data transmission introduces critical challenges related to confidentiality, authenticity, and tamper resistance particularly in resource-constrained environments where conventional cryptographic solutions may prove computationally intensive. To address these challenges, lightweight cryptographic algorithms tailored for image protection are essential, balancing rigorous security requirements with efficient hardware and software implementation. This paper proposes a novel lightweight block cipher optimized for image encryption, employing a multi-stage internal Addition-Rotation-XOR (ARX) structure within each round to enhance confusion and diffusion. The cipher operates on 64-bit plaintext blocks with a 64-bit master key and utilizes a customized key schedule mechanism that generates five distinct subkeys per round through bit-swapping, modular addition, and XOR operations. The cryptographic properties of the proposed cipher were evaluated using the NIST SP 800-22 statistical test suite, confirming high key randomness. Further analysis demonstrated robust security with a 50% average avalanche effect, a maximum differential probability of approximately , and a maximum linear bias below . The cipher achieves strong resistance to differential and linear cryptanalysis within five rounds, offering an optimal balance between security and efficiency. Comprehensive statistical analysis using various input images are analyzed and demonstrate the cipher’s robustness in securing visual data. The encryption algorithm was further implemented on an Artix-7 FPGA, and synthesis results confirmed its suitability for resource constrained environments. The results indicate that the proposed cipher offers a secure and efficient solution to modern image security challenges.

Multipliers are key components in arithmetic circuits, with their design having a significant impact on overall system performance. Approximate computing techniques seek to improve energy efficiency, processing speed and better use of hardware resources, particularly in applications where that can tolerate minimal accuracy loss. Achieving higher multiplier performance typically requires a careful trade-off between hardware complexity and computational precision. One widely adopted method for designing approximate multipliers involves replacing exact compressors with their approximate counterparts, resulting in a trade-off with accuracy. This paper introduces novel approximate multiplier architectures that partition the computation into three distinct regions: accurate, approximate, and lower region. Partial product compression in the approximate region is carried out using the proposed two 4:2 compressors combined with conventional arithmetic circuits like half adder, full adder and OR logic, to produce the final product. The proposed compressors are developed by analyzing the input occurrence probability of all possible combinations with trade-off between hardware efficiency and computational accuracy. To further improve accuracy, an error correction logic is developed to compensate for inaccuracies in specific input scenarios. Several benchmark error metrics and hardware synthesis using a 32-nm CMOS technology are evaluated for the proposed designs through simulations. Notably, the results of the proposed approximate multipliers shows an average improvements of 70.6% in accuracy, 60.4% in Energy-Delay Product, 30.9% in Power-Delay Product, and 41.6% in delay, outperforming all existing designs considered for comparison. Furthermore, real-time image multiplication experiments were performed using multiple benchmark image datasets, and the output quality was evaluated through the Similarity Index Metric (SSIM) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). In addition, detailed error and heat-map visual analyses were conducted to examine the spatial distribution and intensity of computational errors across pixels. The results demonstrate that the proposed multiplier consistently achieves higher SSIM and PSNR values, along with significantly reduced error concentrations, outperforming existing approximate multiplier designs.

We study the structure of single Λ -hypernuclei using the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov method. Finite range Gogny-type forces are used to describe the nucleon–nucleon and Λ -nucleon interactions. Three different Λ -nucleon Gogny forces are built. The unknown parameters of these forces are obtained by fitting the experimental binding energies of the 1 s Λ single-particle state in various hypernuclei using the “Simulated Annealing Method”. These forces are then used to calculate the binding energies of the other (1 p , 1 d , 1 f , 1 g ) Λ single-particle states in the different hypernuclei. The predicted values are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data for the three forces constructed. In addition, we calculate also the root-mean-square radii of ground state Λ orbital, as well as several global properties of the hypernuclei considered such as their ground-state Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov energy, their pairing energy and their quadrupole moment.

Hexadecapole collectivity and its interplay with quadrupole degrees of freedom is studied in an axial symmetry preserving framework based on the Hartree Fock Bogoliubov (HFB) plus generator coordinate method (GCM). Results are obtained for several even-even isotopes of Sm and Gd with various parametrizations of the Gogny force. The analysis of the results indicates the strong coupling between the quadrupole and hexadecapole degrees of freedom. The first two excited states are vibrational in character in most of the cases. The impact of prolate-oblate shape mixing in the properties of hexadecapole states is analyzed.

We study the structure of single \\(\\)-hypernuclei using the Hartree--Fock--Bogoliubov method. Finite range Gogny-type forces are used to describe the nucleon-nucleon and \\(\\)-nucleon interactions. Three different \\(\\)-nucleon Gogny forces are built. The unknown parameters of these forces are obtained by fitting the experimental binding energies of the \\(1s\\) \\(\\) single-particle state in various hypernuclei using the ``Simulated Annealing Method''. These forces are then used to calculate the binding energies of the other (\\(1p, 1d, 1f, 1g\\)) \\(\\) single-particle states in the different hypernuclei. The predicted values are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data for the three forces constructed. In addition, we calculate also the root-mean-square radii of ground state \\(\\) orbital, as well as several global properties of the hypernuclei considered such as their ground-state Hartree--Fock--Bogoliubov energy, their pairing energy and their quadrupole moment.

Most of the automobile engine components are made up of cast iron because of its low cost, damping characteristics, castability, and commercial considerations. In modern days, the blended biodiesels are introduced into the CI engine to reduce the usage of petroleum fuels. The following problems are identified in utilizing the biodiesels, they are lower efficiency, power, wear in the engine cylinder and piston crowns, more emission from the exhaust, and performance. To overcome the wear problem in cylinder liner and piston crown, the dual coating is developed using electroless coating and plasma spray coating, and this deposit acts as a thermal barrier to the engine. The electroless Ni-P-TiO2 composite coating process parameters are optimized using the Taguchi technique with multiresponse grey relational analysis. The plasma spray coating is developed over electroless Ni-P coating using Yttria-stabilized Zirconia for the total thickness of 2 mm. The coated components are installed in the CI engine for further testing and analysis. The morphology of the coated surfaces is tested using the scanning electron microscope. The optimization process used to improve the Ni-P coating thickness, surface roughness, and thermal resistance of the engine components. Also, the performance and emissions in the engine are reduced significantly. The emission from the CI engine such as NOx, COx, and HC are reduced significantly. The emissions of CI engine such as NOx, CO2, CO, and HC of the noncoated engine shows higher, and EPSCE engine condition shows less pollution. The percentage of improvement in terms of emissions are 27%, 70%, 6.4%, and 21%, respectively. The performance is improved to 3% and 27.8%, respectively, for specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency.

Most of the automobile engine components are made up of cast iron because of its low cost, damping characteristics, castability, and commercial considerations. In modern days, the blended biodiesels are introduced into the CI engine to reduce the usage of petroleum fuels. The following problems are identified in utilizing the biodiesels, they are lower efficiency, power, wear in the engine cylinder and piston crowns, more emission from the exhaust, and performance. To overcome the wear problem in cylinder liner and piston crown, the dual coating is developed using electroless coating and plasma spray coating, and this deposit acts as a thermal barrier to the engine. The electroless Ni‐P‐TiO 2 composite coating process parameters are optimized using the Taguchi technique with multiresponse grey relational analysis. The plasma spray coating is developed over electroless Ni‐P coating using Yttria‐stabilized Zirconia for the total thickness of 2 mm. The coated components are installed in the CI engine for further testing and analysis. The morphology of the coated surfaces is tested using the scanning electron microscope. The optimization process used to improve the Ni‐P coating thickness, surface roughness, and thermal resistance of the engine components. Also, the performance and emissions in the engine are reduced significantly. The emission from the CI engine such as NOx, COx, and HC are reduced significantly. The emissions of CI engine such as NOx, CO 2 , CO, and HC of the noncoated engine shows higher, and EPSCE engine condition shows less pollution. The percentage of improvement in terms of emissions are 27%, 70%, 6.4%, and 21%, respectively. The performance is improved to 3% and 27.8%, respectively, for specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency.

Robotic surgery imposes a significant cognitive burden on the surgeon. This cognitive burden increases in the case of remote robotic surgeries due to latency between entities and thus might affect the quality of surgery. Here, the patient side and the surgeon side are geographically separated by hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Real-time teleoperation of robots requires strict latency bounds for control and feedback. We propose a dual digital twin (DT) framework and explain the simulation environment and teleoperation framework. Here, the doctor visually controls the locally available DT of the patient side and thus experiences minimum latency. The second digital twin serves two purposes. Firstly, it provides a layer of safety for operator-related mishaps, and secondly, it conveys the coordinates of known and unknown objects back to the operator's side digital twin. We show that teleoperation accuracy and user experience are enhanced with our approach. Experimental results using the NASA-TLX metric show that the quality of surgery is vastly improved with DT, perhaps due to reduced cognitive burden. The network data rate for identifying objects at the operator side is 25x lower than normal.