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Multi-wavelength pyrometry is an efficient tool for measuring high temperatures in dynamic experiments. A fast 5-channel pyrometer was built and successfully employed in ion-beam heating experiments at the GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research (Darmstadt, Germany). Temperatures of metallic samples heated by an intense focused heavy ion beam up to their melting points and beyond were measured with nanosecond time resolution and a spatial resolution of about 200 μm. The modular instrument has demonstrated its high versatility also for temperature measurements of exothermic reactions with millisecond temporal resolution.

The charged particle community is looking for techniques exploiting proton interactions instead of X-ray absorption for creating images of human tissue. Due to multiple Coulomb scattering inside the measured object it has shown to be highly non-trivial to achieve sufficient spatial resolution. We present imaging of biological tissue with a proton microscope. This device relies on magnetic optics, distinguishing it from most published proton imaging methods. For these methods reducing the data acquisition time to a clinically acceptable level has turned out to be challenging. In a proton microscope, data acquisition and processing are much simpler. This device even allows imaging in real time. The primary medical application will be image guidance in proton radiosurgery. Proton images demonstrating the potential for this application are presented. Tomographic reconstructions are included to raise awareness of the possibility of high-resolution proton tomography using magneto-optics.

The article describes possible experiments with explosively driven non-ideal plasma at the proton microscope at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research. It is proposed to employ linear explosive tubes for plasma generation and to measure an areal density in shock-compressed plasma of argon and xenon. The proposed experiments will provide valuable information on influence of strong interparticle interactions on thermodynamic properties of strongly coupled plasma. The density measurement will help the researchers to understand the nature of wall and wire precursors arising in the shock tubes.

Intense heavy ion beams from the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI, Darmstadt, Germany) accelerator facilities, together with two high energy laser systems: petawatt high energy laser for ion experiments (PHELIX) and nanosecond high energy laser for ion experiments (NHELIX) are a unique combination to facilitate pioneering beam-plasma interaction experiments, to generate and probe high-energy-density (HED) matter and to address basic physics issues associated with heavy ion driven inertial confinement fusion. In one class of experiments, the laser will be used to generate plasma and the ion beam will be used to study the energy loss of energetic ions in ionized matter, and to probe the physical state of the laser-generated plasma. In another class of experiments, the intense heavy ion beam will be employed to create a sample of HED matter and the laser beam, together with other diagnostic tools, will be used to explore the properties of these exotic states of matter. The existing heavy ion synchrotron facility, SIS18, deliver an intense uranium beam that deposit about 1 kJ/g specific energy in solid matter. Using this beam, experiments have recently been performed where solid lead foils had been heated and a brightness temperature on the order of 5000 K was measured, using a fast multi-channel pyrometer that has been developed jointly by GSI and IPCP Chernogolovka. It is expected that the future heavy ion facility, facility for antiprotons and ion research (FAIR) will provide compressed beam pulses with an intensity that exceeds the current beam intensities by three orders of magnitude. This will open up the possibility to explore the thermophysical and transport properties of HED matter in a regime that is very difficult to access using the traditional methods of shock compression. Beam plasma interaction experiments using dense plasmas with a Γ-parameter between 0.5 and 1.5 have also been carried out. This dense Ar-plasma was generated by explosively driven shockwaves and showed enhanced energy loss for Xe and Ar ions in the energy range between 5.9 to 11.4 MeV.

Protons having energies in the GeV range have been proposed as an alternative to Bragg-peak hadron therapy. This strategy reduces lateral scattering and overcomes uncertainties of particle range and relative biological effectiveness. GeV protons could additionally be used for targeting in image guided stereotactic radiosurgery. We experimentally demonstrated the potential of GeV protons for imaging of biological samples using E=0.8 GeV protons and the pRad setup at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). In this setup, a system of magnetic lenses creates a point-to-point mapping from object to detector. This mapping compensates image blur due to lateral scattering inside the imaged (biological) object. We produced 2-dim proton radiographs of biological samples, an anthropomorphic phantom and performed simple dosimetry. High resolution tomographic reconstructions were derived from the 2-dim proton radiographs. Our experiment was performed within the framework of the PANTERA (Proton Therapy and Radiography) project. In the future, the proton microscope PRIOR (Proton Microscope for FAIR) located in the FAIR facility (Darmstadt), will focus on optimizing the technique for imaging of lesions implanted in animals and couple the irradiation with standard radiotherapy.

This paper describes a fast multi-channel radiation pyrometer that was developed for warm dense-matter experiments with intense heavy ion beams at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI). The pyrometer is capable of measuring brightness temperatures from 2000 K to 50,000 K, at six wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum, with 5 ns temporal resolution, and several micrometers spatial resolution. The pyrometer's spectral discrimination technique is based on interference filters, which also act as mirrors to allow for simultaneous spectral discrimination of the same ray at multiple wavelengths.

Intense ion beams from accelerators are now available to generate high energy density matter and to study astrophysical phenomena in the laboratory under controlled and reproducible conditions. A detailed understanding of interaction phenomena of intense ion- and laser radiation with matter is important for a large number of applications in different fields of science, extending from basic research of plasma properties to application in energy science and the investigation of processes occurring in stellar atmospheres or even in the interior of stars and planets. Energy loss processes of heavy ions in plasma and cold matter are important for the generation of high energy density states in general and especially in the hot dense plasma of an inertial fusion target. Of special interest are phase transitions and the associated time scales when matter passes the warm dense matter regime of the phase diagram at high density but relatively low temperature. We present an overview on recent results and developments of beam plasma, and beam matter interaction processes studied with heavy ion beams and laser beams combined with accelerator and nuclear physics technology. A natural example of hot dense plasma is provided by our neighbouring star the sun, and allows a deep insight into the physics of fusion, the properties of matter at high energy density, and is moreover an excellent laboratory for astroparticle physics. As such the sun’s interior plasma can even be used to probe the existence of novel particles and dark matter candidates with a combination of equipment and methods from accelerator technology and high resolution plasma spectroscopy.

A new design for heavy-ion beam driven ramp wave loading experiments is suggested and analyzed. The proposed setup utilizes the long stopping ranges and the variable focal spot geometry of the high-energy uranium beams available at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung and Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research accelerator centers in Darmstadt, Germany. The release wave created by ion beams can be utilized to create a planar ramp loading of various samples. In such experiments, the predicted high pressure amplitudes (up to 10 Mbar) and short timescales of compression (<10 ns) will allow to test the time-dependent material deformation at unprecedented extreme conditions.

The subject of high-energy density (HED) in matter is of considerable interest to many branches of physics. Intense beams of energetic heavy ions are a promising tool for creating large samples of HED matter which can be used to study the equation-of-state properties of such exotic states of matter experimentally. The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, is a unique laboratory worldwide which has a heavy ion synchrotron facility, SIS18 (with a magnetic rigidity of 18 Tm), that delivers intense heavy ion beams. Using the beams generated at this present facility, interesting experimental work has been carried out in the field of HED matter [D. H. H. Hoffmann et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 161–162, 9 (2000)]. The GSI is planning to significantly expand its accelerator capabilities with construction of a new synchrotron ring, SIS100, which will have a magnetic rigidity of 100 Tm. This new facility will deliver a uranium beam which will have orders of magnitude higher intensity than the existing facility and will also have the possibility of multibeam acceleration. This paper presents two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of different target geometries including solid as well as hollow cylinders that are irradiated with beams having different shapes of the focal spot which will be available at the SIS100 facility. These include a circular focal spot, an annular focal spot, and an elliptic focal spot, respectively. The purpose of this study is to determine the region of the physical parameters including density, temperature, and pressure that can be accessed using the SIS100 beam. This information, we hope, will be useful for designing experiments on the studies of thermophysical properties of matter including the designing of appropriate diagnostic tools.

Cylindrical cryogenic targets are required to carry out the Laboratory Planetary Science scheme of the experiments of the High Energy Density matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams collaboration at FAIR. In this paper, for the first time a thorough analysis of the problem of such targets' fabrication, delivery and positioning in the center of the experimental chamber has been made. Particular attention is paid to the issue of a specialized cryogenic system creation intended for rep-rate supply of the High Energy Density matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams experiments with the cylindrical cryogenic targets.