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The article deals with the study of intra-annual discharge distribution of the Ural River basin runoff. Norms, coefficients of variation, and average standard deviations of monthly, seasonal and annual runoff, as well as maximum and minimum flow and the tendencies of its changes, were determined for rivers in the area. The average and maximum water discharge spring high water and the ratio of maximum and minimum monthly and the annual runoff were calculated. Based on the wavelet transform method applied to the river flow data of the area under study, a cyclical pattern of water availability was identified. Moreover, the closeness of the correlation between average monthly expenditures and annual average water consumption, as well as the average monthly water costs was revealed. The statistical significance of the detected correlations was defined.

The article present a reconstruction of the late spring-summer (May-July) precipitation for the Zilair plateau (Southern Urals) based on latewood width chronologies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the 1776-2015 period. Wavelet analysis revealed a number of characteristic periodicities in the reconstructed precipitation variability. Cross-wavelet analysis using indices of solar activity (SA), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) showed co-variability of the precipitation with SA at about 20-yr, sporadic links to NAO on multi-year to decadal time scale, and a robust link to AMO at multidecadal time scales.

Neutron scattering measurements provide evidence for strong coupling between stripe spin fluctuations, nematicity and superconductivity in single-crystalline FeSe. In iron-based superconductors the interactions driving the nematic order (that breaks four-fold rotational symmetry in the iron plane) may also mediate the Cooper pairing 1 . The experimental determination of these interactions, which are believed to depend on the orbital or the spin degrees of freedom 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , is challenging because nematic order occurs at, or slightly above, the ordering temperature of a stripe magnetic phase 1 , 5 . Here, we study FeSe (ref.  6 )—which exhibits a nematic (orthorhombic) phase transition at T s = 90 K without antiferromagnetic ordering—by neutron scattering, finding substantial stripe spin fluctuations coupled with the nematicity that are enhanced abruptly on cooling through T s . A sharp spin resonance develops in the superconducting state, whose energy (∼4 meV) is consistent with an electron–boson coupling mode revealed by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy 7 . The magnetic spectral weight in FeSe is found to be comparable to that of the iron arsenides 8 , 9 . Our results support recent theoretical proposals that both nematicity and superconductivity are driven by spin fluctuations 1 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 .

FeSe layer-based superconductors exhibit exotic and distinctive properties. The undoped FeSe shows nematicity and superconductivity, while the heavily electron-doped K x Fe 2− y Se 2 and single-layer FeSe/SrTiO 3 possess high superconducting transition temperatures that pose theoretical challenges. However, a comprehensive study on the doping dependence of an FeSe layer-based superconductor is still lacking due to the lack of a clean means of doping control. Through angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies on K-dosed thick FeSe films and FeSe 0.93 S 0.07 bulk crystals, here we reveal the internal connections between these two types of FeSe-based superconductors, and obtain superconductivity below ∼46 K in an FeSe layer under electron doping without interfacial effects. Moreover, we discover an exotic phase diagram of FeSe with electron doping, including a nematic phase, a superconducting dome, a correlation-driven insulating phase and a metallic phase. Such an anomalous phase diagram unveils the remarkable complexity, and highlights the importance of correlations in FeSe layer-based superconductors. Electron doping is a powerful way to induce quantum phase transitions in materials and explore exotic states of matter. Here, Wen et al. present carefully-controlled potassium dosing in FeSe films and FeSe 0.93 S 0.07 bulk, which enhances superconductivity and induces other anomalous phases, revealing a complex phase diagram.

Dynamic actin network at the leading edge of the cell is linked to the extracellular matrix through focal adhesions (FAs), and at the same time it undergoes retrograde flow with different dynamics in two distinct zones: the lamellipodium (peripheral zone of fast flow), and the lamellum (zone of slow flow located between the lamellipodium and the cell body). Cell migration involves expansion of both the lamellipodium and the lamellum, as well as formation of new FAs, but it is largely unknown how the position of the boundary between the two flow zones is defined, and how FAs and actin flow mutually influence each other. We investigated dynamic relationship between focal adhesions and the boundary between the two flow zones in spreading cells. Nascent FAs first appeared in the lamellipodium. Within seconds after the formation of new FAs, the rate of actin flow decreased locally, and the lamellipodium/lamellum boundary advanced towards the new FAs. Blocking fast actin flow with cytochalasin D resulted in rapid dissolution of nascent FAs. In the absence of FAs (spreading on poly-L-lysine-coated surfaces) retrograde flow was uniform and the velocity transition was not observed. We conclude that formation of FAs depends on actin dynamics, and in its turn, affects the dynamics of actin flow by triggering transition from fast to slow flow. Extension of the cell edge thus proceeds through a cycle of lamellipodium protrusion, formation of new FAs, advance of the lamellum, and protrusion of the lamellipodium from the new base.

Mollusks are unique animals with a relatively simple central nervous system (CNS) containing giant neurons with identified functions. With such simple CNS, mollusks yet display sufficiently complex behavior, thus ideal for various studies of behavioral processes, including long-term memory (LTM) formation. For our research, we use the formation of the fear avoidance reflex in the terrestrial mollusk Helix lucorum as a learning model. We have shown previously that LTM formation in Helix requires epigenetic modifications of histones leading to both activation and inactivation of the specific genes. It is known that microRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate the expression of genes; however, the role of miRNAs in behavioral regulation has been poorly investigated. Currently, there is no miRNAs sequencing data being published on Helix lucorum, which makes it impossible to investigate the role of miRNAs in the memory formation of this mollusk. In this study, we have performed sequencing and comparative bioinformatics analysis of the miRNAs from the CNS of Helix lucorum. We have identified 95 different microRNAs, including microRNAs belonging to the MIR-9, MIR-10, MIR-22, MIR-124, MIR-137, and MIR-153 families, known to be involved in various CNS processes of vertebrates and other species, particularly, in the fear behavior and LTM. We have shown that in the CNS of Helix lucorum MIR-10 family (26 miRNAs) is the most representative one, including Hlu-Mir-10-S5-5p and Hlu-Mir-10-S9-5p as top hits. Moreover, we have shown the involvement of the MIR-10 family in LTM formation in Helix. The expression of 17 representatives of MIR-10 differentially changes during different periods of LTM consolidation in the CNS of Helix. In addition, using comparative analysis of microRNA expression upon learning in normal snails and snails with deficient learning abilities with dysfunction of the serotonergic system, we identified a number of microRNAs from several families, including MIR-10, which expression changes only in normal animals. The obtained data can be used for further fundamental and applied behavioral research.

Bacterial motility provides the ability for bacterial dissemination and surface exploration, apart from a choice between surface colonisation and further motion. In this study, we characterised the movement trajectories of pathogenic and probiotic Escherichia coli strains (ATCC43890 and M17, respectively) at the landing stage (i.e., leaving the bulk and approaching the surface) and its correlation with adhesion patterns and efficiency. A poorly motile strain JM109 was used as a control. Using specially designed and manufactured microfluidic chambers, we found that the motion behaviour near surfaces drastically varied between the strains, correlating with adhesion patterns. We consider two bacterial strategies for effective surface colonisation: horizontal and vertical, based on the obtained results. The horizontal strategy demonstrated by the M17 strain is characterised by collective directed movements within the horizontal layer during a relatively long period and non-uniform adhesion patterns, suggesting co-dependence of bacteria in the course of adhesion. The vertical strategy demonstrated by the pathogenic ATCC43890 strain implies the individual movement of bacteria mainly in the vertical direction, a faster transition from bulk to near-surface swimming, and independent bacterial behaviour during adhesion, providing a uniform distribution over the surface.

Moabite, NiFe3+(PO4)O, is a new natural oxyphosphate discovered in pyrometamorphic rocks of the Daba-Siwaqa complex, a subdivision of the Hatrurim Formation in central Jordan. The mineral is named for the Kingdom of Moab, an ancient state that existed on the territory of the modern Jordan. Moabite is an accessory phase in the phosphide–phosphate assemblages, where it associates with diopside; anorthite; crocobelonite, CaFe23+(PO4)2O; yakubovichite, CaNi2Fe3+(PO4)3; hematite; negevite, NiP2; murashkoite, FeP; transjordanite, Ni2P; halamishite, Ni5P4; native iron (α-Fe); and an alluaudite-group phosphate whose composition is exactly midway between the two endmembers NaNaCa(Fe3+Mg)(PO4)3 and □NaCa(Fe3+Fe3+)(PO4)3. The mineral forms isometric to short prismatic crystals and euhedral grains up to 30 µm across. Macroscopically, it has a deep-brown colour. In the polished sections in transmitted light, the mineral is translucent red-brown. It has a Mohs hardness rating of 4. Cleavage was not observed. The density, 4.324 g cm−3, was calculated based on the empirical formula and unit-cell parameters obtained from single-crystal refinement. The chemical composition was as follows (electron microprobe, wt %): NiO 29.75, CuO 1.73, MgO 0.45, Fe2O3 36.04, Al2O3 0.19, Cr2O3 0.18, V2O5 0.47, P2O5 31.22, total 100.03. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 5 oxygen atoms per formula unit (apfu) is (Ni0.90Cu0.05Mg0.03)Σ0.98(Fe3+ 1.01Al0.01Cr0.01)Σ1.03(P0.99V5+ 0.01)Σ1.00O5, corresponding to the ideal NiFe3+(PO4)O. Moabite is orthorhombic; the space group is Pnma (no. 62); and a=7.2161(16), b=6.4064(15), c=7.4706(19) Å, V=345.4(1) Å3 and Z=4. The strongest lines of X-ray powder diffraction pattern are as follows [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 5.20(63)(101), 3,321(37)(102), 3.251(83)(201), 2.7262(100)(121), 2.5946(37)(202), 2.3542(25)(103) and 2.3044(24)(122). The crystal structure has been solved and refined to R1=0.033 for 389 unique observed reflections. Moabite is the first mineral that crystallizes in the α-Fe2PO5 (α-Fe2OPO4) structure type. It has a direct synthetic analogue, and it is isotypic to antiferromagnetic transition metal oxyphosphates of the general formula A2+B3+OPO4, where A2+= Fe, Ni, Co and Cu and B3+= Fe, V and In.

The addition of atezolizumab (anti–PD-L1 antibody) to a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen improved progression-free survival among patients who had not previously received chemotherapy for metastatic NSCLC, regardless of PD-L1 expression and EGFR or ALK genomic alteration status.

Abstract Background Several studies have highlighted the role of host–microbiome interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), resulting in an increasing amount of data mainly focusing on Western patients. Because of the increasing prevalence of IBD in newly industrialized countries such as those in Asia, the Middle East, and South America, there is mounting interest in elucidating the gut microbiota of these populations. We present a comprehensive analysis of several IBD-related biomarkers and gut microbiota profiles and functions of a unique population of patients with IBD and healthy patients from Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia). Methods Blood and fecal IBD biomarkers, serum cytokines, and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content were profiled. Finally, fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S and whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Results Fecal microbiota whole-genome sequencing confirmed the presence of classic IBD dysbiotic features at the phylum level, with increased abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria and decreased abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia. At the genus level, the abundance of both fermentative (SCFA-producing and hydrogen (H2)-releasing) and hydrogenotrophic (H2-consuming) microbes was affected in patients with IBD. This imbalance was confirmed by the decreased abundance of SCFA species in the feces of patients with IBD and the change in anaerobic index, which mirrors the redox status of the intestine. Conclusions Our analyses highlighted how IBD-related dysbiotic microbiota—which are generally mainly linked to SCFA imbalance—may affect other important metabolic pathways, such as H2 metabolism, that are critical for host physiology and disease development.