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Coupling the use of artificial chromosomes with metabolomics enables the high-throughput linkage of fungal natural products with their biosynthetic gene clusters. This method was used here to identify a novel polyketide–nonribosomal peptide scaffold. The genomes of filamentous fungi contain up to 90 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding diverse secondary metabolites—an enormous reservoir of untapped chemical potential. However, the recalcitrant genetics, cryptic expression, and unculturability of these fungi prevent scientists from systematically exploiting these gene clusters and harvesting their products. As heterologous expression of fungal BGCs is largely limited to the expression of single or partial clusters, we established a scalable process for the expression of large numbers of full-length gene clusters, called FAC-MS. Using fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) and metabolomic scoring (MS), we screened 56 secondary metabolite BGCs from diverse fungal species for expression in Aspergillus nidulans . We discovered 15 new metabolites and assigned them with confidence to their BGCs. Using the FAC-MS platform, we extensively characterized a new macrolactone, valactamide A, and its hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase–polyketide synthase (NRPS–PKS). The ability to regularize access to fungal secondary metabolites at an unprecedented scale stands to revitalize drug discovery platforms with renewable sources of natural products.

The articles in this symposium discuss North American contrasts in antitrust, regulatory legislative, and judicial practices with respect to banking and finance. Some masons for Canada's success are looked at and contrasted with U.S. strategies. Comparative study of how two close neighbors differently address the institutions most associated with the recent economic dislocation may help readers in both locales to improve and reform the key institutions responsible for the allocation of capital and the consequent path of future financial innovation and growth. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Since completion of the articles in this symposium, the Dodd-Frank Acf (the Act) has become part of the public law, receiving both praise and criticism. Since then, \"regulators have written 14,000 pages and finalized 155 rules of the Act,\" with \"243 rules outlined in [the Act]'s 3,200 pages yet to be written, including some of the cornerstone regulations.\" As such, the Act has not been fully implemented and is still coming into effect. As of mid-2013, \"regulators collaborating to write some 400 new industry rules\" are in fact only thirty-nine percent done. In response, it is possible to argue that not enough time has passed to recognize and assess the entirety of the Act's impact, both legislative and economic. As the authors of the articles in this symposium have discussed, the Act may fall short of its intended reach, and it is too soon to judge whether its effects truly reflect its guiding principles.

This article argues for an improved economic partnership between China and the United States based on nonpolitical, profit-seeking, market, and rule of law -- based agreements. We begin by describing the major domestic economic issues that each country is facing, specifically the diverse threats of inflation in China and U.S. government debt. We argue that these substantial obstacles can be best overcome through partnership. As well, we argue that such an arrangement will have the incidental effects of reducing China's vast income disparity and improving its shaky rule of law. We then describe the current strained relationship between the two nations and argue that these attitudes will be improved through the actions of `agents of change\" -- young professionals on both sides of the Pacific who study in North America and return to China, building cultural and economic bridges between East and West. We then outline a strategy for partnership, arguing that the United States should allow freer trade with China and should facilitate Chinese direct investment in American assets. We conclude by describing Canada's potential role in this partnership both as a mediator between the two superpowers and as a source for investment in natural resources.