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Energy harvesting is a process of extracting energy from surrounding environments. The extracted energy is stored in the supply power for various applications like wearable, wireless sensor, and internet of thing (IoT) applications. The electricity generation using conventional approaches is very costly and causes more pollution in the environmental surroundings. In this manuscript, an energy-efficient, self-powered battery-less piezoelectric-based energy harvester (PE-EH) system is modeled using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) module. The MPPT is used to track the optimal voltage generated by the piezoelectric (PE) sensor and stored across the capacitor. The proposed PE system is self-operated without additional microarchitecture to harvest the Power. The experimental simulation results for the overall PE-EH systems are analyzed for different frequency ranges with variable input source vibrations. The optimal voltage storage across the storing capacitor varies from 1.12 to 1.6 V. The PE-EH system can harvest power up to 86 µW without using any voltage source and is suitable for low-power applications. The proposed PE-EH module is compared with the existing similar EH system with better improvement in harvested power.

The biomechanical energy harvesting system (BM-EHS) uses human daily activities to create electricity. The BM-EHS is one of the potential alternative technologies for powering wearable and implantable electronic gadgets without batteries. The hybrid BH-EHS is modeled using two different vibration source-based human activities in this manuscript. The piezoelectric (PE) and electromagnetic (EM) based EHS are combined in the hybrid BM-EHS. The PE- EHS is based on human walking and jagging motions and is represented using a mass-spring-damper system and PE stack. The EM- EHS is based on the human knee and hip motions, with shaft conversion and a DC motor. The PE, EM, and hybrid BM-based EHS are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink, and performance results are realized individually. The PE-EHS obtains the average output voltage of 0.5 V and harvests 53.18 mW of power. Similarly, the EM-EHS achieves the average load voltage of 0.567 V and 30.6 mW harvested power. The hybrid BM-EHS obtains the average load voltage of 0.79 V and harvests 86 mW of power. The proposed BM-EHS is compared with the existing EHS with better-harvested power and energy improvement for the given load conditions. Overall, the harvested power can power up the low-power applications.

The rapid rise in global warming pushes the automobile industry towards adopting Electric vehicles globally. The battery is considered a core element of electric cars and must operate in extreme conditions. Therefore, a suitable heat recovery system must be implemented to make the battery reach its higher performance. This work explores and tests a hybrid-based Battery Thermal Management System under various operating conditions. To enhance the property of paraffin (Phase Change Material) in the passive method, Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles have been added with paraffin in three different ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15%. In the case of the active method, the water is circulated in a counterflow direction through the copper coil. A detailed experimental investigation was carried out at free convection, pure paraffin, PCM with Al 2 O 3 (5%, 10%, and 15%), and hybrid (both active and passive). Each investigation was carried out under different C rates (0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, 3 C). The result shows that under natural convection for a 3 C discharge rate, the temperature rises to 51.16 °C, and it is reduced to 40.81 °C for hybrid conditions. Finally, after incorporating the hybrid-based thermal management system, a temperature reduction of around 10.35 °C is observed when compared with natural convection conditions. A detailed computational study was also carried out to validate the experimental results. The maximum temperature of 47 °C is obtained for a pure PCM battery module at a 3 C discharge rate, and it is well matched with experimental results.

Background This cross-sectional study evaluates occupational health hazards among farmers’ exposure to pesticides in Chikkaballapura, Karnataka, India, focusing on health complaints, demographic factors, occupational history and pesticide-handling practices. Methods A total of 226 participants were recruited, comprising 109 exposed farmers and 117 unexposed controls matched by age and gender. Structured questionnaires addressing demographics,and lifestyle characteristics, pesticide application practices, management procedures, and health complaints were used to gather data. Results Significant demographic disparities emerged, with a higher prevalence of younger individuals (≤ 30 years) in the exposed group (32%) than in the unexposed (18%, p  = 0.002). Education levels also differed: 12% of exposed farmers had postgraduate education compared to 3% of the unexposed group ( p  = 0.009). Dietary practices and lifestyle characteristics like chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol, and smoking did not significantly differ between groups. Occupational practices revealed critical safety gaps. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was limited, with only 27% of exposed farmers reporting the use of masks, 20% wearing goggles, and 15% using gloves. Many exposed farmers engaged in high-risk tasks, including pesticide mixing (62%) and weekly pesticide applications (52%), often without the use of PPE. Health complaints were significantly more common in the exposed group: 35% reported fatigue (compared to 20% in controls, χ² = 5.51, p = < 0.05). In contrast, respiratory problems were absent in the control group and evident in 9% of the exposed group. Musculoskeletal issues, including backache (32%), and neck pain (36%), were notably higher among exposed farmers. Dermatological symptoms like burns (21%, χ² = 12.9, p = < 0.05), blisters (15%, χ² = 4.85, p  < 0.05), and eye issues, including irritation (11%, χ² = 5.60, p  < 0.05) and blurred vision (8%, χ² = 4.55, p  < 0.05), were also significantly elevated among exposed farmers. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive interventions, including regulatory policies to improve access to PPE, safety training, and targeted educational programs for younger and less-educated farmers. Conclusion This study contributes essential data for developing targeted, context-specific preventive strategies to safeguard health in rural farming communities. In order to evaluate the long-term health effects of pesticide exposures, future research should look into pesticide residue monioring in enviornmental and biological samples, demographic, socioeconomic, and occupational factors that shape exposure risk, thereby informing policies to protect agricultural workers.