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Aluminium (Al) is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust and its compounds are used in the form of house hold utensils, medicines and in antiperspirant etc. Increasing number of evidences suggest the involvement of Al+3 ions in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Here, we have attempted to investigate the role of Al in endoplasmic reticulum stress and the regulation of p53 during neuronal apoptosis using neuroblastoma cell line. We observed that Al caused oxidative stress by increasing ROS production and intracellular calcium levels together with depletion of intracellular GSH levels. We also studied modulation of key pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and found significant alterations in the levels of Nrf2, NQO1, pAKT, p21, Bax, Bcl2, Aβ1-40 and Cyt c together with increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related proteins like CHOP and caspase 12. However, with respect to the role of p53, we observed downregulation of its transcript as well as protein levels while analysis of its ubiquitination status revealed no significant changes. Not only did Al increase the activities of caspase 9, caspase 12 and caspase 3, but, by the use of peptide inhibitors of specific and pan-caspases, we observed significant protection against neuronal cell death upon inhibition of caspase 12, demonstrating the prominent role of endoplasmic reticulum stress generated responses in Al toxicity. Overall our findings suggest that Al induces ER stress and ROS generation which compromises the antioxidant defenses of neuronal cells thereby promoting neuronal apoptosis in p53 independent pathway.

Identification is an important aspect of forensic medicine. Identification plays an imperative role, especially in highly decomposed bodies, mutilated bodies, and undisclosed and fragmentary human remains. The estimation of sex is an essential parameter of human identification. In forensic anthropometry, sex determination is related to morphometric characteristics of skeletal bones, such as the skull and mandible, clavicle, sternum, scapula, humerus, pelvic bone, sternum, and femur. Since teeth are decay-resistant, conscientious analysis of teeth can accredit reliable sex estimation of an individual, especially when other determinants are fragmented or destroyed. The aim of the study was to explore the association between sex and buccolingual crown dimensions of teeth. The study sample consists of 100 volunteer subjects (50 male subjects and 50 female subjects) aged between 20 and 35 years. Alginate was used to take impressions of the teeth and the cast was prepared using pouring by dental stone. Measurements of buccolingual parameters of all the teeth (except the third molars) of both jaws were done on dental casts by using a digital caliper. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and were outlined as mean and standard deviation (SD). The male and female groups were compared using an independent Student's t-test or unpaired test. The results of this study revealed that 16 out of 28 odontometric parameters (except third molar) of the two groups (male and female) were higher in the male group as compared to the female group (p < 0.05). Buccolingual odontometric parameters can be used for sex estimation in the North Indian population.

Background Accurate post-mortem interval (PMI) determination remains crucial in forensic investigations. Building on our previous findings of miRNA-378, miRNA-206, and miRNA-195 as potential PMI biomarkers, this study evaluates their efficacy in burn and electrocution cases. We incorporate cardiac troponin I (cTnI) to enhance estimation precision. This multi-biomarker approach aims to elucidate the combined potential of miRNA and protein-based indicators for PMI determinations across diverse causes of mortality, addressing the need for more robust estimation methods. These biomarkers were studied in human cardiac tissues of burn and electrocution cases which was maintained at room temperature. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Real-time, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for cTnI and miRNA analysis, respectively. Result In electrocution cases, a marked decrease in miRNA and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) expression correlates with increasing post-mortem interval (PMI). Specifically, miRNA-195 exhibited a 4.13-fold reduction from 3.1805 ± 1.873 at 12 h to -0.769 ± 2.111 at 196 h, with significant changes noted between 24 and 48 h ( p  < 0.05). miRNA-206 displayed a 2.2-fold decline, with variability observed particularly between 12 and 72 h ( p  < 0.05). ​cTnI revealed a substantial decrease, reinforcing its utility as an early PMI marker for electrocution fatalities.​ In contrast, burn cases showed an even sharper decline in miRNA-195 (6.84-fold), indicating a higher sensitivity to tissue degradation, while cTnI exhibited a more stable decrease. This comparative analysis illuminates distinct degradation patterns among biomarkers, enhancing their efficacy in PMI identification. Conclusion We combined miRNA expression levels and cTnI concentrations to improve the accuracy of PMI estimation. Thus, relevance of time-dependent variations in miRNAs and cTnI, is investigated and highlighted the approach for optimal design of biomarkers and analytical techniques for PMI estimation.

Aluminum is the third most abundant element present in the earth’s crust and human exposure to it is possible due to industrialization, utensils, medicines, antiperspirants, etc. Evidences suggest involvement of aluminum in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in various neurological disorders. ER stress may be a result of impaired calcium homeostasis due to perturbed redox balance and is known to elicit inflammation through the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of aluminum in ER stress-mediated activation of inflammatory responses in neuroblastoma cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay revealed that aluminum compromised the membrane integrity of neuroblastoma cells, probably due to membrane damage, as indicated by enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Besides this, our results clearly demonstrated elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a weakened antioxidant defence system manifested by decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and cellular glutathione (GSH). Moreover, we studied the expression of key apoptosis-related proteins, ER stress-mediated activation of UPR, and its downstream inflammatory pathway. It was observed that aluminum potentially enhanced protein levels of PERK, EIF2α, caspase 9, caspase 3, and inflammatory markers like NF-κB, NLRP3, HMGB1, and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, aluminum altered TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL10 mRNA levels as well. The overall findings indicated that aluminum mediates UPR activation through ER stress, which results in induction of inflammatory pathway and apoptotic proteins in neuronal cells.

Acute toxicity is a frequent but avoidable cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries such as India. The present study assesses patterns of acute toxicity among children of different age groups. The study sample included all hospitalised paediatric victims of acute accidental poisoning at the King George Medical University, Lucknow, India from 2010-2011. Their histories, baseline characteristics, clinical treatments and outcomes were reviewed. Most children were males less than three years of age with 4% overall mortality. Kerosene oil was implicated in most cases. Childhood poisoning was common among patients 1-3 years of age with a male preponderance. The accidental ingestion of household poisons, especially kerosene oil, was responsible for most cases. Parents must be educated about the dangers of these toxic household substances and warned to store them in suitable containers out of the reach of children.

Establishing a person's identity is a very important process in civil and criminal cases. Dental, fingerprint and DNA comparisons are probably the most common techniques allowing fast and secure identification processes. However, in certain circumstances related to the scene of the crime or due to lack of experienced personnel, these techniques might be unavailable, so there is still an increasing need for reliable alternative methods of establishing identity. The objective of the study was to check for any peculiar lip patterns and rugae patterns in relation to the sex of the individual and to analyze the degree of agreement between three observers. This study was conducted on 378 subjects, which included 189 males and 189 females, in the age group of 18-30 years. Lip prints and rugae pattern were analysed by three independent observers. Lip print of branched type was most commonly seen in females and cross-section in males. Wavy pattern was most common in males and females in palatal rugae. This study shows that lip prints and palatal rugae are unique to an individual and behold the potential for recognition of the sex of an individual.

The mortuary of the King George's Medical University, under the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, conducts the medico legal autopsies referred from Lucknow police station and also those refereed from adjoining police stations of Lucknow and nearby districts. [...]instead of banning a particular insecticide, some measures for their safe usage and disposal could be adopted like; proper labeling, imparting awareness programmes to the general public about the hazards of pesticides and there safe and proper handling.

Unnatural deaths claim a substantial number of lives in developing countries like India. Among the various types of deaths RTAs (road traffic accidents) account for majority of deaths followed by poisoning, hanging, burns, snake bite and electrocution. The ratio between homicidal, suicidal and accidental deaths was 5:2:1. Males 2636 (59.6%) were commonly involved as compared to females 1785 (40.3%).The type of unnatural deaths encountered in our study were RTAs 2486 (56.23%), burns289 (6.53%), poisoning 616 (13.93%), hanging 502 (11.35%), snake bite 69 (1.56%), electrocution 38 (0.85%). Poisoning and hanging is the most common method of self destruction followed by burns, drowning. In homicidal deaths multiple injuries were the most common type of death followed by burns. Preventive measures should be adopted wherever possible and prompt steps should be taken to decrease the incidence of road traffic accidents which takes a lion share among the unnatural deaths. The study suggests different measures to check unnatural death to improve the situation.

Aluminum is the third most abundant element present in the earth's crust and human exposure to it is possible due to industrialization, utensils, medicines, antiperspirants, etc. Evidences suggest involvement of aluminum in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in various neurological disorders. ER stress may be a result of impaired calcium homeostasis due to perturbed redox balance and is known to elicit inflammation through the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of aluminum in ER stress-mediated activation of inflammatory responses in neuroblastoma cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay revealed that aluminum compromised the membrane integrity of neuroblastoma cells, probably due to membrane damage, as indicated by enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Besides this, our results clearly demonstrated elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a weakened antioxidant defence system manifested by decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and cellular glutathione (GSH). Moreover, we studied the expression of key apoptosis-related proteins, ER stress-mediated activation of UPR, and its downstream inflammatory pathway. It was observed that aluminum potentially enhanced protein levels of PERK, EIF2[alpha], caspase 9, caspase 3, and inflammatory markers like NF-[kappa]B, NLRP3, HMGB1, and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, aluminum altered TNF[alpha], IL1[beta], IL6, and IL10 mRNA levels as well. The overall findings indicated that aluminum mediates UPR activation through ER stress, which results in induction of inflammatory pathway and apoptotic proteins in neuronal cells.

Aluminum is the third most abundant element present in the earth’s crust and human exposure to it is possible due to industrialization, utensils, medicines, antiperspirants, etc. Evidences suggest involvement of aluminum in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in various neurological disorders. ER stress may be a result of impaired calcium homeostasis due to perturbed redox balance and is known to elicit inflammation through the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of aluminum in ER stress-mediated activation of inflammatory responses in neuroblastoma cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay revealed that aluminum compromised the membrane integrity of neuroblastoma cells, probably due to membrane damage, as indicated by enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Besides this, our results clearly demonstrated elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a weakened antioxidant defence system manifested by decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and cellular glutathione (GSH). Moreover, we studied the expression of key apoptosis-related proteins, ER stress-mediated activation of UPR, and its downstream inflammatory pathway. It was observed that aluminum potentially enhanced protein levels of PERK, EIF2α, caspase 9, caspase 3, and inflammatory markers like NF-κB, NLRP3, HMGB1, and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, aluminum altered TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL10 mRNA levels as well. The overall findings indicated that aluminum mediates UPR activation through ER stress, which results in induction of inflammatory pathway and apoptotic proteins in neuronal cells.