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Jasmonic Acid (JA) is a key plant signaling molecule which negatively regulates growth processes including root elongation. JAZ (JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN) proteins function as transcriptional repressors of JA signaling. Therefore, targeting JA signaling by deploying JAZ repressors may enhance root length in crops. In this study, we overexpressed JAZ repressor OsJAZ11 in rice to alleviate the root growth inhibitory action of JA. OsJAZ11 is a low phosphate (Pi) responsive gene which is transcriptionally regulated by OsPHR2. We report that OsJAZ11 overexpression promoted primary and seminal root elongation which enhanced Pi foraging. Expression studies revealed that overexpression of OsJAZ11 also reduced Pi starvation response (PSR) under Pi limiting conditions. Moreover, OsJAZ11 overexpression also suppressed JA signaling and biosynthesis as compared to wild type (WT). We further demonstrated that the C-terminal region of OsJAZ11 was crucial for stimulating root elongation in overexpression lines. Rice transgenics overexpressing truncated OsJAZ11ΔC transgene (i.e., missing C-terminal region) exhibited reduced root length and Pi uptake. Interestingly, OsJAZ11 also regulates Pi homeostasis via physical interaction with a key Pi sensing protein, OsSPX1. Our study highlights the functional connections between JA and Pi signaling and reveals JAZ repressors as a promising candidate for improving low Pi tolerance of elite rice genotypes.

Seed size is one of the major determinants of seed weight and eventually, crop yield. As the global population is increasing beyond the capacity of current food production, enhancing seed size is a key target for crop breeders. Despite the identification of several genes and QTLs, current understanding about the molecular regulation of seed size/weight remains fragmentary. In the present study, we report novel role of a jasmonic acid (JA) signaling repressor, OsJAZ11 controlling rice seed width and weight. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsJAZ11 exhibited up to a 14% increase in seed width and ~30% increase in seed weight compared to wild type (WT). Constitutive expression of OsJAZ11 dramatically influenced spikelet morphogenesis leading to extra glume‐like structures, open hull, and abnormal numbers of floral organs. Furthermore, overexpression lines accumulated higher JA levels in spikelets and developing seeds. Expression studies uncovered altered expression of JA biosynthesis/signaling and MADS box genes in overexpression lines compared to WT. Yeast two‐hybrid and pull‐down assays revealed that OsJAZ11 interacts with OsMADS29 and OsMADS68. Remarkably, expression of OsGW7, a key negative regulator of grain size, was significantly reduced in overexpression lines. We propose that OsJAZ11 participates in the regulation of seed size and spikelet development by coordinating the expression of JA‐related, OsGW7 and MADS genes.

Background Vaccine acceptance among People Living with HIV (PLWH) is crucial for managing and mitigating the spread of infectious diseases, including Mpox. This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the rate of vaccine acceptance for Mpox among PLWH and identify factors influencing these rates. Methods We searched major databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to 30 August 2024 for observational studies involving PLWH that reported on mpox vaccine acceptance rates. A random-effects model was employed for the meta-analysis, utilizing R software version 4.4. Heterogeneity among the studies was quantified using the I² statistic, and the methodological quality of each study was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Out of 1,123 articles identified, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and included 7,248 participants. The pooled estimate of the Mpox vaccine acceptance rate was 61.1% (95% CI: 44.2-75.7%), with high heterogeneity (I² = 99%). Additionally, a pooled vaccine hesitancy prevalence was 13.2%, (95% CI: 2.4-48.6%), reflecting substantial variability and had high heterogeneity (I² = 98%). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis reveal moderate Mpox vaccine acceptance and considerable hesitancy among PLWH. To further increase vaccine uptake and address any remaining hesitancy in this at-risk population, targeted public health strategies and ongoing research are necessary. Strengthening vaccine acceptance is critical to safeguarding PLWH against emerging infectious diseases such as Mpox. Clinical Trial Number Not applicable.

Background Aquatic athletes may face unique pressures related to body aesthetics and weight management, potentially increasing their risk of eating disorders (EDs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of EDs in aquatic athletes and assess the quality of the available evidence. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published in English that reported on the prevalence of EDs among aquatic athletes. After screening and eligibility assessments, eight studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 715 athletes from various countries, including Poland, Canada, Brazil, Norway, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Quality assessment was performed using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled prevalence. Sensitivity analysis and a Doi plot were utilized to evaluate the publication bias. Results The meta-analysis estimated a pooled prevalence of EDs in aquatic athletes at 27.56% (95% CI: 14.27–46.50%), with a heterogeneity (I²) of 76%, indicating substantial variability in study designs and participant characteristics. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings, and the Doi plot indicated significant asymmetry (LFK index = -3.44), suggesting potential publication bias or variability across studies. Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of EDs among aquatic athletes. Further research is required on the factors associated with these disorders. Standardized assessment tools and routine screening in aquatic sports settings are recommended to promote early detection and prevention of EDs, ultimately enhancing athlete well-being and performance.

Background Although Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections are widespread throughout the world, it is yet unknown whether they are linked to systemic illnesses like dyslipidemia. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine the connection between lipid metabolism and H. pylori infection, with a particular emphasis on how it affects dyslipidemia. Methods We conducted a thorough search up until October 10, 2024, across databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Studies that reported lipid profiles in both H. pylori‐infected and non‐infected patients were considered eligible. The primary outcomes were triglyceride, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, and total cholesterol levels, which were examined using a random‐effects model in R software version 4.4. Results There were 17 studies with more than 150,000 participants from 681 screened publications. Higher levels of LDL (MD: 5.32 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.315 to 9.319) and total cholesterol (MD: 6.28 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.718 to 11.842), as well as lower levels of HDL (MD: −2.06 mg/dL; 95% CI: −3.212 to −0.915), were the results of the meta‐analysis. Among those infected, triglyceride levels were likewise higher (MD: 7.93 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.413 to 15.436), but the odds ratio (OR) did not show a significant increase in risk (OR: 1.002; 95% CI: 0.995 to 1.010). Conclusion H. pylori infection is associated with significant dyslipidemia, suggesting a potential link between chronic bacterial infection and lipid metabolism. The findings emphasize the need for further research to explore the mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions.

This concise review provides an update on the relationship between nicotine and neurotransmitters, focusing on the release and binding of specialized macromolecules known as neurotransmitters to specific receptors. The discussion highlights the two subtypes of the nicotinic receptor, N1 and N2, with N1 associated with muscle/peripheral functions and N2 with central/neuronal functions. The production of chemicals through nicotinic cholinergic receptors by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, adrenal chromaffin cells, and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is examined. The presence of cholinergic receptors in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, their affinity for acetylcholine, and their relevance in obstructive lung disease are briefly addressed. The potential therapeutic impact of antimuscarinic receptor medicines for this condition is acknowledged. The review underscores the importance of bridging evolving sectors to explore the beneficial applications of nicotinic receptor ligand and emphasizes the significance of understanding nicotine receptors in various diseases.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency limits plant growth and yield. Since plants can absorb only the inorganic form of P (Pi), a large portion of soil P (organic and inorganic P complexes) remains unused. Here, we identified and characterized a PHR2-regulated, novel low-Pi-responsive haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like hydrolase, OsHAD1. While OsHAD1 is a functional HAD protein having both acid phosphatase and phytase activities, it showed little homology with other known low-Pi-responsive HAD superfamily members. Recombinant OsHAD1 is active at acidic pH and dephosphorylates a broad range of organic and inorganic P-containing substrates, including phosphorylated serine and sodium phytate. Exogenous application of recombinant OsHAD1 protein in growth medium supplemented with phytate led to marked increases in growth and total P content of Pi-deficient wild-type rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Furthermore, overexpression of OsHAD1 in rice resulted in enhanced phosphatase activity, biomass, and total and soluble P contents in Pi-deficient transgenic seedlings treated with phytate as a restricted Pi source. Gene expression and metabolite profiling revealed enhanced Pi starvation responses, such as up-regulation of multiple genes involved in Pi uptake and solubilization, accumulation of organic acids, enhanced secretory phosphatase activity, and depletion of ATP in overexpression lines as compared with the wild type. To elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of OsHAD1, we performed in vitro pull-down assays, which revealed the association of OsHAD1 with protein kinases such as OsNDPKs. We conclude that, besides dephosphorylation of cellular organic P, OsHAD1 in coordination with kinases may regulate the phosphorylation status of downstream targets to accomplish Pi homeostasis under limited Pi supply.

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) play important roles in phosphate (Pi) acquisition and utilization. These PAPs hydrolyze organic Phosphorus (P) containing compounds in rhizosphere as well as inside the plant cell. However, roles of PAPs in one of the most widely cultivated legumes, chickpea ( Cicer arietnum L .), have not been unraveled so far. In the present study, we identified 25 putative PAPs in chickpea (CaPAPs) which possess functional PAP motifs and domains. Differential regulation of CaPAP s under different nutrient deficiencies revealed their roles under multiple nutrient stresses including Pi deficiency. Interestingly, most of the CaPAP s were prominently expressed in flowers and young pods indicating their roles in flower and seed development. Association mapping of SNPs underlying CaPAP s with seed traits revealed significant association of low Pi inducible CaPAP 7 with seed weight and phytate content. Biochemical characterization of recombinant CaPAP7 established it to be a functional acid phosphatase with highest activity on most abundant organic-P substrate, phytate. Exogenous application of recombinant CaPAP7 enhanced biomass and Pi content of Arabidopsis seedlings supplemented with phytate as sole P source. Taken together, our results uncover the PAPs in chickpea and potential roles of CaPAP7 in seed phytate accumulation.

Aim The present investigation explored the modulatory role of serotonergic transmission in the acute ethanol-induced effects on immobility time in the mouse forced swim test (FST). Methods and results Acute i.p. administration of ethanol (20%  w / v , 2 or 2.5 g/kg, i.p.) decreased the immobility time in FST of mice, indicating its antidepressant-like effect while lower doses of ethanol (1, 1.5 g/kg, i.p.) were devoid of any effect in the FST. The mice pre-treated with a sub-effective dose of 5-HT 2A agonist, DOI (10 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) or 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.1 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) but not with the 5-HT 2A/2C antagonist, ketanserin (1.5 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) exhibited a synergistic reduction in the immobility time induced by sub-effective dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg, i.p.). On the other hand, ethanol (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) failed to decrease the immobility time in mice, pre-treated with 5-HT 1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) or ketanserin (1.5 μg/mouse, i.c.v.). In addition, pre-treatment with a 5-HT neuronal synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA (300 mg/kg, i.p. × 3 days) attenuated the anti-immobility effect ethanol (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) in mouse FST. Conclusions Thus, the results of the present study points towards the essentiality of the central 5-HT transmission at the synapse for the ethanol-induced antidepressant-like effect in the FST wherein the regulatory role of the 5-HT 1A receptor or contributory role of the 5-HT 2A/2C receptor-mediated mechanism is proposed in the anti-immobility effect of acute ethanol in mouse FST.

In sorghum, milo source of male sterility has been used for developing all the hybrids so far and it created the narrow cytoplasmic base. In addition, it also narrows down the nuclear diversity which may be the invitation for the outbreak of pests and diseases in the near future. To handle this hazard new diverse sources like A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , maldandi , VZM and G 1 have been discovered. The availability of restorers on these sources is very difficult hence their utilization is also a challenging task. The present study was, therefore, carried out to test different sorghum lines for restoration behavior on two milo lines (104A and 401A) and one maldandi (M31-2A) with more emphasis on maldnadi source because of its added advantage of enhancing grain size and pest tolerance. In rabi-2017, 125 genotypes were tested for the restoration behavior on these sources, and five restorers viz . , IS 19389, IS 995, IS 28389, IS 26046 (BRJ 67-8) and DSMR-8 restored fertility on 104A, two lines viz . , IS 29335 and IS 26046 restored on 401A, while on M31-2A six lines viz . , IS 19975, BRJ-67-4 (DSMR-4), BRJ 67-8 (DSMR-8), BRJ 67-16, BRJ 67-19, BRJ 67-21 restored the fertility. only two lines DSMR-8 and DSMR-4 exhibited stable, consistent and strong restoration (> 90% seed set) across the seasons ( rabi -2017 and kharif -2017) and years (2017 and rabi -2018). All the used MS lines exhibited the restoration complexity in the following order—104A < 401A < M31-2A.