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Land and water are the most necessary natural resources because the entire life system depends on them. It requires proper management to achieve maximum utilization. When used in conjunction with Arc GIS, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a promising model for simulating the agricultural watershed since it can forecast runoff, sediment and nutrient transport, and erosion under various management scenarios. Furthermore, the model is better at evaluating both the spatial and non-spatial variation of hydrological methods under a very large watershed. This study uses the methodology employed by the SWAT model for the estimation of surface runoff and sediment yield and discusses in detail the setup of the model computer file needed by the model sensitivity analysis parameter and validation area unit. SWAT is a well-known hydrological modeling method used in many hydrologic and environmental simulations. Over 17 years (2005-2021), 212 studies were found from various peer-reviewed scientific publications listed on the SWAT online database (CARD). Applicability studies were divided into five categories: water resources, streamflow, erosion, land-use planning and agricultural settings, climate change scenarios, and model parameterization. Hydrologic phenomena and adaptations in various river basins have been investigated. They mostly examined environmental impacts and preventive techniques to ensure an understanding of effective environmental regulation. Streamflow susceptibility to climatic changes was shown in climate change studies. Modeling streamflow parameters, model modifications, and basin-scale calibrations were investigated. Future simulation aspects such as data sharing and the opportunity for improved future analysis are also discussed. A multimodal approach to future simulations, as well as more efforts to make local data available, are both very good ideas.

Endophytic fungi are rich sources of structurally complex chemical scaffolds with interesting biological activities. However, their metabolome is still unknown, making them appealing for novel compound discovery. To maximize the number of secondary metabolites produced from a single microbial source, we used the “OSMAC (one strain–many compounds) approach.” In potato dextrose medium, M. phaseolina produced phomeolic acid (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), and a volatile compound 1,4-benzene-diol. Incorporating an epigenetic modifier, sodium valproate, affected the metabolite profile of the fungus. It produced 3-acetyl-3-methyl dihydro-furan-2(3H)-one (3) and methyl-2-(methyl-thio)-butyrate (4), plus volatile chemicals: butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), di-methyl-formamide, 3-amino-1-propanol, and 1,4-benzenediol, 2-amino-1-(O-methoxyphenyl) propane. The structure of compounds 1–4 was established with the help of spectroscopic data. This study revealed first-time compounds 1–4 in the fungus M. phaseolina using a classical and epigenetic manipulation approach.

Silicosis is a major health issue among workers exposed to crystalline silica. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in silicosis. The present research demonstrates key regulatory targets and propagated network of gene/miRNA/transcription factor (TF) with interactions responsible for silicosis by integrating publicly available microarray data using a systems biology approach. Array quality is assessed with the Quality Metrics package of Bioconductor, limma package, and the network is constructed using Cytoscape. We observed and enlist 235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) having up-regulation expression (85 nos) and down-regulation expression (150 nos.) in silicosis; and 24 TFs for the regulation of these DEGs entangled with thousands of miRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs enlighten that, the maximum number of DEGs are responsible for biological process viz, Rab proteins signal transduction (11 nos.) and Cellular Senescence (20 nos.), whereas IL-17 signaling pathway (16 nos.) and Signalling by Nuclear Receptors (14 nos.) etc. are Biological Pathway involving more DEGs. From the identified 1100 high target microRNA (miRNA)s involved in silicosis, 1055 miRNAs are found to relate with down-regulated genes and 847 miRNAs with up-regulated genes. The CDK19 gene (Up-regulated) is associated with 617 miRNAs whereas down-regulated gene ARID5B is regulated by as high as 747 high target miRNAs. In Prediction of Small-molecule signatures, maximum scoring small-molecule combinations for the DEGs have shown that CGP-60774 (with 20 combinations), alvocidib (with 15 combinations) and with AZD-7762 (24 combinations) with few other drugs having the high probability of success.

The three-dimensional (3D) preservation and repair of historic sites are increasingly in practice using modelling and digital documentation. This study focuses on replacing conventional techniques of historical documentation by creating a digital documentation procedure employing laser scanning for 3D mapping of a monument located in Prayagraj, India. To quickly record the entire monument structure, four scanning stations were planned, where three for the facades and one for the interior. A 3D structure of the monument and its elements dimension that included structural, architectural, historical, and non-engineering information was the end product. Researchers, architects, and conservationists can use this laser scanning-based technique to analyze data in great detail to identify weaknesses and conservation requirements. In order to preserve the monument's cultural relevance, it can also be used for virtual tours. Digital documentation can also provide an accurate monument record for restoration needs, protecting the monument from human- or natural-caused damage. Overall, 3D Modelling and digital documentation are valuable tools in heritage conservation, providing comprehensive records of heritage sites and aiding in practical conservation and restoration plans while making cultural heritage accessible to a broader societies.

We present a numerical study of the reversals and reorientations of the large-scale circulation (LSC) of convective fluid in a cylindrical container of aspect ratio one. We take Prandtl number to be 0.7 and Rayleigh numbers in the range from 6 × 105 to 3 × 107. It is observed that the reversals of the LSC are induced by its reorientation along the azimuthal direction, which are quantified using the phases of the first Fourier mode of the vertical velocity measured near the lateral surface in the midplane. During a ‘complete reversal’, the above phase changes by around 180°, leading to reversals of the vertical velocity at all the probes. On the contrary, the vertical velocity reverses only at some of the probes during a ‘partial reversal’ with phase change other than 180°. Numerically, we observe rotation-led and cessation-led reorientations, in agreement with earlier experimental results. The ratio of the amplitude of the second Fourier mode and the first Fourier mode rises sharply during the cessation-led reorientations. This observation is consistent with the quadrupolar dominant temperature profile observed during the cessations. We also observe reorientations involving double cessation.

A flow-induced instability in a tube with flexible walls is studied experimentally. Tubes of diameter 0.8 and 1.2 mm are cast in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer gels, and the catalyst concentration in these gels is varied to obtain shear modulus in the range 17–550 kPa. A pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the tube is used to drive fluid flow, and the friction factor $f$ is measured as a function of the Reynolds number $Re$ . From these measurements, it is found that the laminar flow becomes unstable, and there is a transition to a more complicated flow profile, for Reynolds numbers as low as 500 for the softest gels used here. The nature of the $f$ – $Re$ curves is also qualitatively different from that in the flow past rigid tubes; in contrast to the discontinuous increase in the friction factor at transition in a rigid tube, it is found that there is a continuous increase in the friction factor from the laminar value of $16/ Re$ in a flexible tube. The onset of transition is also detected by a dye-stream method, where a stream of dye is injected into the centre of the tube. It is found that there is a continuous increase of the amplitude of perturbations at the onset of transition in a flexible tube, in contrast to the abrupt disruption of the dye stream at transition in a rigid tube. There are oscillations in the wall of the tube at the onset of transition, which is detected from the laser scattering off the walls of the tube. This indicates that the coupling between the fluid stresses and the elastic stresses in the wall results in an instability of the laminar flow.

The trees inventory is very important for forestry and environment-related issues, where tree morphology is one of the key components. LiDAR technology is being selected over other techniques for the trees three-dimensional mapping and inventory. In this paper a methodology for point cloud registration and georeferencing of LiDAR point cloud, and computation of tree morphological parameters, namely tree height, crown diameter, crown projection area is presented. The instruments used for the point cloud acquisition, registration and georeferencing were total station, global navigation satellite system, terrestrial laser scanner. Data from all three instruments were transformed into a common coordinate system that is Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. In transformed point cloud, the z-axis of the coordinate system is towards plumb line. The tree height, crown diameter, crown projection area are computed based on point cloud-derived canopy height model and tree top detection.

A dynamical instability is observed in experimental studies on micro-channels of rectangular cross-section with smallest dimension 100 and $160~\\mathrm{\\mu} \\mathrm{m} $ in which one of the walls is made of soft gel. There is a spontaneous transition from an ordered, laminar flow to a chaotic and highly mixed flow state when the Reynolds number increases beyond a critical value. The critical Reynolds number, which decreases as the elasticity modulus of the soft wall is reduced, is as low as 200 for the softest wall used here (in contrast to 1200 for a rigid-walled channel). The instability onset is observed by the breakup of a dye-stream introduced in the centre of the micro-channel, as well as the onset of wall oscillations due to laser scattering from fluorescent beads embedded in the wall of the channel. The mixing time across a channel of width 1.5 mm, measured by dye-stream and outlet conductance experiments, is smaller by a factor of 105 than that for a laminar flow. The increased mixing rate comes at very little cost, because the pressure drop (energy requirement to drive the flow) increases continuously and modestly at transition. The deformed shape is reconstructed numerically, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to obtain the pressure gradient and the velocity fields for different flow rates. The pressure difference across the channel predicted by simulations is in agreement with the experiments (within experimental errors) for flow rates where the dye stream is laminar, but the experimental pressure difference is higher than the simulation prediction after dye-stream breakup. A linear stability analysis is carried out using the parallel-flow approximation, in which the wall is modelled as a neo-Hookean elastic solid, and the simulation results for the mean velocity and pressure gradient from the CFD simulations are used as inputs. The stability analysis accurately predicts the Reynolds number (based on flow rate) at which an instability is observed in the dye stream, and it also predicts that the instability first takes place at the downstream converging section of the channel, and not at the upstream diverging section. The stability analysis also indicates that the destabilization is due to the modification of the flow and the local pressure gradient due to the wall deformation; if we assume a parabolic velocity profile with the pressure gradient given by the plane Poiseuille law, the flow is always found to be stable.

AbstractGuava (Psidium guajava L.) is a nutritionally rich fruit exhibiting white, yellow, pink, and purple variants for pulp color. To understand the genetic and molecular basis of pulp color, 35 F1s obtained from colored/white crosses and their parents were characterized for pulp color. Black guava (BG) had a rare peel and pulp color with the least amount of lycopene, similar to white-pulped parental genotypes. BG/white crosses gave rise to only white progenies while pink/white crosses segregated into pink, yellow, and white F1s. This confirmed that the pigment responsible for color in BG is not lycopene and the pink-pulped parents are heterozygous for the gene(s) governing pulp color. Additional 74 F1s-generated confirmed that the white pulp color inheritance is homozygous recessive in guava. Pigment composition analysis of all the colored F1s (18/ 35) and the three colored parents revealed that lycopene was present in all the 21 samples but at a wider range (0.16–22.56 mg/100 g). Zeaxanthin was also present in all the samples except two F1s. On the contrary, lutein was found only in five F1 progenies but not in any of the pink-pulped parents. Overall, the pigment composition analysis of F1s and their respective parents revealed that the pulp color in guava is a polygenic trait. We identified 12 distinct SNPs between pink and white-pulped guava genotypes in the PSY1 gene. These variations can be used to develop molecular markers for marker assisted selection of pulp color in guava breeding.

Microbes inhabiting rhizosphere and soils of close vicinity of plants play a pivotal role in plant growth promotion, enhance plant fitness, and improve soil fertility through the cycling of different nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, sulphur etc. The study of rhizosphere and soil-associated microbiome can enhance our knowledge about different genes (known and novel, both) and pathways associated with various metabolic activities of immense importance. Current agricultural system is heavily dependent on numerous synthetic chemicals like insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. Regular application of such chemicals has raised the issues of environmental pollution and imposed severe risks on human beings. With extensive research, microbes are now established as the most important means of pesticide degradation. The current study focuses on the identification of different genes and pathways involved in the degradation and remediation of various xenobiotics and their components in the 105 different metagenome and metatranscriptome samples of rhizosphere or associated soil of seven different crops, i.e. wheat, oat, pea, soybean, sugarcane, kodo and common bean. For different kinds of xenobiotics components, biodegradation and associated metabolism were analyzed and numerous gene and enzymes associated with these processes were identified. Statistical and computational analyses revealed several significant pathways, including benzoate degradation, central meta-cleavage pathway, salicylate and gentisate catabolism, and phenylacetyl-CoA catabolic pathway. Identified genes/enzymes are important for degradation of various xenobiotic including constituents of different pesticides. To facilitate access to this information, the researchers developed XenMetaDB, a comprehensive online database cataloging all identified enzymes and pathways, accessible at http://webapp.cabgrid.res.in/xenmetadb/. Identification of xenobiotics degradating enzymes, genes and their further utilization for bioremediation purposes is an important aspect for near future. Findings of current study will provide background for future research over application of microorganisms for bioremediation and biodegradation activities.