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Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV), Border Disease Virus (BDV), and Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1, the cause of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, IBR), are economically important endemic viruses in ruminant livestock in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Deer could undermine control efforts in livestock by contributing to virus transmission and maintenance, but information on the presence of these viruses in the wild deer population is lacking. Blood samples from wild fallow and sika deer culled in Northern Ireland were collected opportunistically in the 2022–23 hunting season and tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies to these viruses ( n  = 116). No antibodies against BoHV-1 were detected. Antibodies against pestivirus were detected in three samples (2.6%), all from sika deer, and constitute the first report in this species in Europe. Virus strain differentiation by virus neutralization test (VNT) was inconclusive. Results therefore indicate no evidence of exposure to BoHV-1 and very low levels of pestivirus exposure in these deer populations. Based on these results there are currently no grounds to implicate deer as significant wildlife reservoirs of these viruses.

Sheep scab, caused by infestation with the ectoparasitic mite Psoroptes ovis, is an endemic disease in the Northern Ireland (NI) sheep flock and constitutes significant economic and welfare burdens for the NI farming industry. Despite its endemic nature, historically, little research has been undertaken to support the control of the disease in NI. This study offers the first attempt to analyse the psychological and behavioural factors influencing farmers’ intentions to implement effective sheep scab control measures in NI. To achieve our objective, quantitative data from a sample of 126 sheep farmers were statistically analysed using an extended theory of planned behaviour approach in an ordered logistic regression modelling framework. Our analyses showed that sheep scab remains an issue of concern in Northern Ireland. The attitudes of the farmers, as well as perceived behavioural control, emotional effect, membership of Business Development Groups (BDGs), and higher education qualifications, were found to be statistically significant factors influencing farmers’ intentions to adopt sheep scab control measures. This study provides a solid foundation for how to promote behavioural changes among sheep farmers to improve their ability to implement effective disease control measures, helping to tackle this challenging disease in a more sustainable way in the future.

A mandatory national Irish bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme, coordinated by Animal Health Ireland, commenced in 2013. Key decisions and programme review are undertaken by a cross-industry Implementation Group (BVDIG) supported by a Technical Working Group. Ear notch tissue is collected from all new-born calves using modified official identity tags, supplemented by additional blood sampling, including for confirmatory testing of calves with initial positive results and testing of their dams. Testing is delivered by private laboratories in conjunction with the National Reference Laboratory, with all results reported to a central database. This database manages key elements of the programme, issuing results to herdowners by short message service messaging supplemented by letters; assigning and exchanging animal-level statuses with government databases of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine to enable legislated restrictions on animal movements; assigning negative herd status based on test results; generating regular reports for programme management and evaluation and providing herd-specific dashboards for a range of users. Legislation supporting the programme has been in place throughout but has not thus far mandated the slaughter of persistently infected (PI) calves. A key challenge in the early years, highlighted by modeling, was the retention of PI animals by some herd owners. This has largely been resolved by measures including graduated financial supports to encourage their early removal, herd-level movement restrictions, ongoing programme communications and the input of private veterinary practitioners (PVPs). A framework for funded investigations by PVPs in positive herds was developed to identify plausible sources of infection, to resolve the status of all animals in the herd and to agree up to three measures to prevent re-introduction of the virus. The prevalence of PI calves in 2013 was 0.66%, within 11.3% of herds, reducing in each subsequent year, to 0.03 and 0.55%, respectively, at the end of 2020. Recent regulatory changes within the European Union for the first time make provision for official approval of national eradication programmes, or recognition of BVD freedom, and planning is underway to seek approval and, in due course, recognition of freedom within this framework by 2023.

The Arts and Emergent Bilingual Youth offers a critical sociopolitical perspective on working with emerging bilingual youth at the intersection of the arts and language learning. Utilizing research from both arts and language education to explore the ways they work in tandem to contribute to emergent bilingual students' language and academic development, the book analyzes model arts projects to raise questions about \"best practices\" for and with marginalized bilingual young people, in terms of relevance to their languages, cultures, and communities as they envision better worlds.  A central assumption is that the arts can be especially valuable for contributing to English learning by enabling learners to experience ideas, patterns, and relationship (form) in ways that lead to new knowledge (content).  Each chapter features vignettes showcasing current projects with ELL populations both in and out of school and visual art pieces and poems, to prompt reflection on key issues and relevant concepts and theories in the arts and language learning.  Taking a stance about language and culture in English learners' lives, this book shows the intimate connections among art, narrative, and resistance for addressing topics of social injustice.

The disease control programmes for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Johne's Disease (JD), Leptospirosis and Neosporosis are described including the approved diagnostic tools, diagnostic quality systems, and the role of vaccination (where appropriate). This paper describes the control programmes within NI, the challenges relating them, as well as assessing their impact and effectiveness, taking into consideration the quality of data available and number of herds participating. With the NI agricultural industry experiencing increasing financial pressures and post Brexit changes, the necessity of working to maximise the performance of bovine disease control programmes at the individual farm level as well as at the regional level is increasingly important. The programmes described fall into two categories with two distinct aims. Two managed by Animal Health & Welfare NI (AHWNI), the BVD eradication and JD Dairy Control programmes seek to eradicate or control infection at the regional level. A further 5 programmes, covering BVD, JD, IBR, Leptospirosis and Neosporosis, are managed by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) and focus on facilitating eradication or control at the individual herd level. These latter programmes conform to the Cattle Health Certification Standards (UK) (CHeCS) which is a UK self-regulatory body set up to ensure consistency between different disease control schemes across herds. The largest of all the programmes described is the AHWNI BVD Eradication Programme which has led to significant reductions in infection incidence. Compliance with it has been high with more than 97% of all cattle alive at the end of 2020 having a BVD test status. The rolling annual incidence of BVD virus positive calves has fallen by 56% since the start of the compulsory programme in 2016. This decrease has occurred largely through industry initiatives to deal with BVD positives, including the voluntary culling of persistently infected (PI) animals by herd owners, a voluntary abattoir ban on the slaughter of BVD virus (BVDv) positive animals, and the inclusion of retention of a BVDv positive animal as a non-conformance in the industry-run Farm Quality Assurance Scheme.

Since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001, public discourse on \"failing schools\" as measured by high-stakes standardized tests has disproportionately affected students from minoritized communities (such as language, race, class, dis/ability), emphasizing climates of assessment at the expense of broader, more democratic, and creative visions of education. As advocates of the arts in education and multicultural-multilingual learning for all, the authors join a chorus of concern about the ways in which the \"crayons\" (synecdoche for all the \"arts\") have started to disappear from public school learning and/or are solely included as handmaidens to improved academic achievement. Likewise, the authors are concerned about the ways diversity education has been strictly targeted at those \"Other\" students who \"lack\" the cultural capital expected for academic success in schools. In this review, the authors examine the literature on arts education with minoritized youth within landscapes of structural inequity, scientific rationalization, and a resurgence of the racialization of non-White communities and curricula in schools. They identify strong practices in arts education that aim to achieve social justice with both minoritized and majoritized populations. They review scholarship, empiricism, and pedagogy that showcase the possibilities to humanize education through the arts with minoritized youth and their families by engaging in sustained, integrated critical practices in school and community settings. They highlight extraordinary, arts-based pedagogies that challenge current conceptualizations of discrete skills, discipline-based learning, and neutralized curricula. They question the narrow interpretation of standards and the existent empiricism that illuminates the impact of arts education programs as tools for \"improving\" the academic success of minoritized youth defined by these parameters. In particular, they propose that school-based practitioners learn from research conducted in out-of-school youth participatory and community-based contexts that emphasize linguistic and cultural diversity as essential curricula for all, as realized in part through the arts. (Contains 2 figures.)

While there is no equivalent legislation in England and Wales it should be noted that selling a persistently infected (PI) animal would potentially leave the farmer open to action under the Sale of Goods Act 1979, as these animals are not fit for purpose. [...]we would ask veterinary surgeons to remind their clients that the sale of PI animals is unethical and puts other farmers’ livelihoods at risk. [...]eradication not only depends on technical solutions but on the support of all those involved in cattle farming and a willingness to take appropriate action, for one’s own interest and the interest of the wider profession.

In 2001, the U.S. government allocated $4.5 billion to after-school programs through the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) grant directed at high-poverty, low-performing schools. Since 2003, 6,800 rural and urban public schools have been served around the country, at county, city, and district levels as well as some organizations that work with, but are not directly administered by the public school system. This is an impressive and impactful policy, with a wide scope and a dedication to allocating funds to arts education within its umbrella that impact such a large number of K-8 children. What are the constructions of childhood put forth in the policy and grant, and how do those assumptions about the needs of children affect the types of support provided to communities? What does being an educated child mean to the federal government according to this program? Whose knowledge (and what kind) is valued? What is the role of formalized education after-school in the construction of childhood? How do those constructions determine the vision for local programs implemented after-school? In this article, the author analyzes the 21st CCLC policy and grant materials, as well as local program descriptions provided by the DOE. She begins with the premise that childhood is a social construct, a contested space through which children navigate and adults negotiate their own fears, desires, and beliefs. The author explores ways in which childhood is constructed by after-school programming policies in terms of adult control of children's time, place, and experience; the kinds of social capital that children should develop; and notions of \"good\" children as \"academically achieving\" children. She explains how the state acts to discipline child bodies, spaces, and knowledge, and by extension, children's families and local communities, and concludes with a vision for after-school programs created on the basis of curricular perspectives of personal growth and social change.

The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for selected cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A selected cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of the selected cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.