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Imaging through a scattering medium is a challenging task. We propose and demonstrate an interferenceless incoherent opto-digital technique for 3D imaging through a scatterer with a single lens and a digital camera. The light diffracted from a point object is modulated by a scattering mask. The modulated wavefront is projected on an image sensor using a spherical lens and the impulse response is recorded. An object is placed at the same axial location as the point object and another intensity pattern is recorded with identical experimental conditions and with the same scattering mask. The image of the object is reconstructed by a cross-correlation between a reconstructing function and the object hologram. For 3D imaging, a library of reconstructing functions are created corresponding to different axial locations. The different planes of the object are reconstructed by a cross-correlation of the object hologram with the corresponding reconstructing functions.

We present a lensless, interferenceless incoherent digital holography technique based on the principle of coded aperture correlation holography. The acquired digital hologram by this technique contains a three-dimensional image of some observed scene. Light diffracted by a point object (pinhole) is modulated using a random-like coded phase mask (CPM) and the intensity pattern is recorded and composed as a point spread hologram (PSH). A library of PSHs is created using the same CPM by moving the pinhole to all possible axial locations. Intensity diffracted through the same CPM from an object placed within the axial limits of the PSH library is recorded by a digital camera. The recorded intensity this time is composed as the object hologram. The image of the object at any axial plane is reconstructed by cross-correlating the object hologram with the corresponding component of the PSH library. The reconstruction noise attached to the image is suppressed by various methods. The reconstruction results of multiplane and thick objects by this technique are compared with regular lens-based imaging.

We propose and demonstrate a new imaging technique to noninvasively see through scattering layers with the aid of a spatial light modulator (SLM). A relay system projects the incoherent light pattern emitting from the scattering layer onto the SLM. Two coded phase masks are displayed, one after another, on the SLM to modulate the projected scattered field and the two corresponding intensity patterns are recorded by a digital camera. The above procedure helps to achieve two goals. Firstly, since the coded phase masks are digitally synthesized, the point spread function of the imaging system can be engineered such that the image retrieval becomes more reliable. Secondly, the two recorded intensity patterns are subtracted one from the other and by that the background noise of the recovered image is minimized. The above two advantages along with a modified phase retrieval algorithm enable a relatively easier and accurate convergence to the image of the covered object.

The objective of this paper is to examine the augmentation of the heat transfer rate utilizing graphene (Gr) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as nanoparticles, and water as a host fluid in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow through an upright plate using Caputo fractional derivatives with a Brinkman model on the convective Casson hybrid nanofluid flow. The performance of hybrid nanofluids is examined with various shapes of nanoparticles. The Caputo fractional derivative is utilized to describe the governing fractional partial differential equations with initial and boundary conditions on the flow model. Exact solutions are obtained for flow transport, temperature distribution besides that heat transfer rate and friction drag in terms of Mittag-Leffler function by using Fourier sine and Laplace techniques as hybrid methods. Further, we provided the limiting case solutions for classic partial differential equations on obtained governing fluid flow models. The influence of various physical parameters with different fractional orders are investigated on hybrid nanofluid’s fractional momentum and energy by plotting velocity and energy curves. Few of the findings suggest that fractional parameters have significant effect on flow parameters and that blade-shaped nanoparticles have a high heat transfer rate. The graphical results reveal that the Grashof number shows a symmetry effect in the case of cooling and heating the plate. Furthermore, the performance of hybrid nanofluid is considerably more effective with the Caputo-fractional derivatives rather than in the classic derivative approach.

Centro-symmetric 4AP4CB crystal with monoclinic crystal system analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction. The finger print plots of Hirshfeld surface analysis indicate that the crystal packing is dominated by H–H hydrogen bonds and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of active functional group. From UV–visible analysis, optical constants of 4AP4CB crystal such as absorption coefficient ( α ), energy band gap (E g  = 4.38 V), extinction coefficient ( K ), reflectance ( R ), refractive index ( n  = 1.4599), electrical conductivity (σ electrical ) and optical conductivity (σ optical ) were determined for suitability of NLO applications. The emission band gap determined as 3.07 eV from Photo luminescence spectroscopy. The electro chemical band gap calculated as 3.39 eV from cyclic voltammeter. At 308 K, the dielectric investigation identified the electric field response for the grown 4AP4CB crystal. Absorption, emission and electrochemical band gap of 4AP4CB were determined. Vickers’s micro hardness test indicates that the 4AP4CB crystal is a soft material. The thermal stability of the grown crystal is 62 °C studied from thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis for optoelectronic applications. The second harmonic generation test using the Kurtz-power technique revealed that the polarization led to 2.2 times the SHG efficiency of standard KDP.

This study was conducted to assess the groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation and to recognize the comprehensive controls of groundwater salinization in the coastal regions of the Thiruvallur district. For this purpose, groundwater from 54 dug and bore wells at locations covering most of the coastal aquifer within 10 km was sampled and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The analytical results expose that the groundwater in the study area is slightly alkaline to alkaline, moderately fresh to highly saline, and very high in hardness. The dominance of significant ion concentrations was found in the following order: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ = Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− >PO43− > F–. The Water Quality Index (WQI) map shows that 70% of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for drinking due to the enhanced levels of TDS, salinity, and significant major ionic concentrations. However, the rest of the groundwater samples are in excellent to good condition. The Hydrochemical Facies Evaluation Diagram (HFE-D) reveals that many samples show the overlapping in the mixing line between fresh groundwater and saltwater caused by seawater intrusion.

2-Aminopridinium 5-formylsalicylate (2A5FS) is an organic nonlinear optical single crystal grown by the slow evaporation technique. The peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction patterns are found to be well indexed with the Centrosymmetric monoclinic phase. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that contacts involving hydrogen, such as H⋯H, C⋯H, and O⋯H, have a great influence on the molecular properties of 2A5FS. FTIR results indicated function groups present in the synthesized compound. The band energy gap of 3.76 eV calculated from the Tauc’s plot, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy shows that the crystal has the maximum transparency in the entire visible region. The fluorescence emission is the spectrum analyzed. The CV curve reveals the good reversibility of charge carriers and electrochemical band gap was determined. Thermal behavior and mechanical stability were studied. The SHG efficiency was found to be 1.4 times that of the reference KDP material.

Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at a greater risk of developing and dying from breast cancer than women without T2DM. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia underlie the pathogenesis of T2DM. In the MKR mouse model of insulin resistance, we have previously shown increased activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway in association with accelerated mammary tumor growth. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibiting PI3K with the oral pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, NVP-BKM120 reduced the growth of Met-1 and MCNeuA mammary tumor orthografts in the MKR mouse. NVP-BKM120 treatment decreased phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein (S6rp); no change in Erk1/2 phosphorylation was seen. Hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and greater hyperinsulinemia developed in the MKR mice treated with NVP-BKM120. We previously reported reduced tumor growth using intraperitoneal rapamycin in the MKR mouse, with the development of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, we examined whether the oral PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 augmented the tumor suppressing effects of PI3K inhibition. We also investigated the effect of targeted PI3K/mTOR inhibition on PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Erk1/2 signaling, and the potential effects on glycemia. NVP-BEZ235 suppressed the growth of Met-1 and MCNeuA tumor orthografts, and decreased Akt and S6rp phosphorylation, despite increased Erk1/2 phosphorylation in Met-1 orthografts of MKR mice. Less marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia developed with NVP-BEZ235 than NVP-BKM120. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling with the oral agents NVP-BKM120 and NVP-BEZ235 decreased mammary tumor growth in the hyperinsulinemic MKR mouse. Inhibiting PI3K alone led to more severe metabolic derangement than inhibiting both PI3K and mTOR. Therefore, PI3K may be an important target for the treatment of breast cancer in women with insulin resistance. Monitoring for hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia should be considered when using these agents in humans, given the metabolic changes detected in this study.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological condition that increase the risk of simple steatosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of camphorquinone (CQ) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed and low dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model, widely used to mimic the concurrent development of NAFLD pathological conditions in vivo , and a free fatty acid-induced hepatic steatosis cell model in vitro . Methods: CQ (10 or 30 mg/kg/day; i.p.) was injected for three weeks, and fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, and liver lipid metabolism were assessed. Results: CQ administration alleviated the increase in body and liver weights and improved glucose tolerance in NAFLD mice model. CQ also reduced the gene expression levels of lipid biosynthesis and inflammation markers, while increasing the levels of fatty acid oxidation markers in liver tissues and HepG2 cells. These beneficial effects of CQ were mediated via activation of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway in vitro and in vivo . Conclusion: Collectively, our data suggest that CQ improves liver lipid metabolism and reduces blood glucose levels via activation of the SIRT1/serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11/LKB1)/AMPK axis .

The accumulation of oxidative stress is one of the important factors causing cellular senescence. Oxymatrine (OM) is a natural quinolizidine alkaloid compound known for its antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-senescence potential of OM through oxidative stress-induced in vitro and in vivo models. By treating 600 μM of H2O2 to the HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line and by administering 150 mg/kg D-galactose to mice, we generated oxidative stress-induced senescence models. After providing 1, 2, and 4 μg/mL of OM to the HT22 mouse cell line and by administering 50 mg/kg OM to mice, we evaluated the enhancing effects. We evaluated different senescence markers, AMPK activity, and autophagy, along with DCFH-DA detection reaction and behavioral tests. In HT22 cells, OM showed a protective effect. OM, by reducing ROS and increasing p-AMPK expression, could potentially reduce oxidative stress-induced senescence. In the D-Gal-induced senescence mouse model, both the brain and heart tissues recovered AMPK activity, resulting in reduced levels of senescence. In neural tissue, to assess neurological recovery, including anxiety symptoms and exploration, we used a behavioral test. We also found that OM decreased the expression level of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). In heart tissue, we could observe the restoration of AMPK activity, which also increased the activity of autophagy. The results of our study suggest that OM ameliorates oxidative stress-induced senescence through its antioxidant action by restoring AMPK activity.