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Single-photon detection has emerged as a method of choice for ultra-sensitive measurements of picosecond optical transients. In the short-wave infrared, semiconductor-based single-photon detectors typically exhibit relatively poor performance compared with all-silicon devices operating at shorter wavelengths. Here we show a new generation of planar germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detectors for short-wave infrared operation. This planar geometry has enabled a significant step-change in performance, demonstrating single-photon detection efficiency of 38% at 125 K at a wavelength of 1310 nm, and a fifty-fold improvement in noise equivalent power compared with optimised mesa geometry SPADs. In comparison with InGaAs/InP devices, Ge-on-Si SPADs exhibit considerably reduced afterpulsing effects. These results, utilising the inexpensive Ge-on-Si platform, provide a route towards large arrays of efficient, high data rate Ge-on-Si SPADs for use in eye-safe automotive LIDAR and future quantum technology applications. By incorporating germanium, single-photon avalanche diode detectors using silicon-based platforms are applied to infrared light detection. Here, a cost-effective planar detector geometry is presented yielding high detection efficiency suitable for applications such as sparse photon imaging or LIDAR.

The Leaderless Economyreveals why international financial cooperation is the only solution to today's global economic crisis. In this timely and important book, Peter Temin and David Vines argue that our current predicament is a catastrophe rivaled only by the Great Depression. Taking an in-depth look at the history of both, they explain what went wrong and why, and demonstrate why international leadership is needed to restore prosperity and prevent future crises. Temin and Vines argue that the financial collapse of the 1930s was an \"end-of-regime crisis\" in which the economic leader of the nineteenth century, Great Britain, found itself unable to stem international panic as countries abandoned the gold standard. They trace how John Maynard Keynes struggled for years to identify the causes of the Great Depression, and draw valuable lessons from his intellectual journey. Today we are in the midst of a similar crisis, one in which the regime that led the world economy in the twentieth century--that of the United States--is ending. Temin and Vines show how America emerged from World War II as an economic and military powerhouse, but how deregulation and a lax attitude toward international monetary flows left the nation incapable of reining in an overleveraged financial sector and powerless to contain the 2008 financial panic. Fixed exchange rates in Europe and Asia have exacerbated the problem. The Leaderless Economyprovides a blueprint for how renewed international leadership can bring today's industrial nations back into financial balance--domestically and between each other.

The ForestScan project was conceived to evaluate new technologies for characterising forest structure and biomass at Forest Biomass Reference Measurement Sites (FBRMS). It is closely aligned with other international initiatives, particularly the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) aboveground biomass (AGB) cal/val protocols, and is part of GEO-TREES, an international consortium dedicated to establishing a global network of Forest Biomass Reference Measurement Sites (FBRMS) to support EO and encourage investment in relevant field-based observations and science. ForestScan is the first demonstration of what can be achieved more broadly under GEO-TREES, which would significantly expand and enhance the use of EO-derived AGB estimates. We present data from the ForestScan project, a unique multiscale dataset of tropical forest three-dimensional (3D) structural measurements, including terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), unpiloted aerial vehicle laser scanning (UAV-LS), airborne laser scanning (ALS), and in-situ tree census and ancillary data. These data are critical for the calibration and validation of EO estimates of forest biomass, as well as providing broader insights into tropical forest structure. Data are presented for three FBRMS: FBRMS-01: Paracou, French Guiana; FBRMS-02: Lopé, Gabon; and FBRMS-03: Kabili-Sepilok, Malaysia. Field data for each site include new 3D LiDAR measurements combined with plot tree census and ancillary data, at a multi-hectare scale. Not all data types were collected at all sites, reflecting the practical challenges of field data collection. We also provide detailed data collection protocols and recommendations for TLS, UAV-LS, ALS and plot census measurements for each site, along with requirements for ancillary data to enable integration with ALS data (where possible) and upscaling to EO estimates. We outline the requirements and challenges for field data collection for each data type and discuss the practical considerations for establishing new FBRMS or upgrading existing sites to FBRMS standard, including insights into the associated costs and benefits. All datasets described in this study are openly available. The TLS, UAV-LS and ALS datasets are provided through the ForestScan Project Data Collection in the CEDA archive (https://doi.org/10.5285/88a8620229014e0ebacf0606b302112d, Chavana-Bryant et al., 2025l). Tree census and plot description data for FBRMS-01 (Paracou, French Guiana) are hosted in the CIRAD Dataverse (https://doi.org/10.18167/DVN1/94XHID, Derroire et al., 2025b). Tree census and ancillary data for FBRMS-02 (Lopé, Gabon) and FBRMS-03 (Kabili-Sepilok, Malaysia) are available via a ForestPlots.net data package (https://doi.org/10.5521/forestplots.net/2025_2, Chavana-Bryant et al., 2025k). Together, these repositories provide access to the complete set of datasets released as part of the ForestScan project.

The ForestScan project was conceived to evaluate new technologies for characterising forest structure and biomass at Forest Biomass Reference Measurement Sites (FBRMS). It is closely aligned with other international initiatives, particularly the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Calibration & Validation (WGCV) AGB cal/val protocols, and is part of GEO-TREES, an international consortium dedicated to establishing a global network of Forest Biomass Reference Measurement Sites (FBRMS) to support EO and encourage investment in relevant field-based observations and science. ForestScan is the first demonstration of what can be achieved more broadly under GEO-TREES, which would significantly expand and enhance the use of EO-derived AGB estimates.We present data from the ForestScan project, a unique multiscale dataset of tropical forest 3D structural measurements, including terrestrial LiDAR scanning (TLS), unmanned aerial vehicle LiDAR scanning (UAV-LS), airborne LiDAR scanning (ALS), and in-situ tree census and ancillary data. These data are critical for the calibration and validation of earth observation (EO) estimates of forest biomass, as well as providing broader insights into tropical forest structure. Data are presented for three FBRMS: FBRMS-01: Paracou, French Guiana; FBRMS-02: Lopé, Gabon; and FBRMS-03: Kabili-Sepilok, Malaysia. Field data for each site include new 3D LiDAR measurements combined with plot tree census and ancillary data, at a multi-hectare scale. Not all data types were collected at all sites, reflecting the practical challenges of field data collection. We also provide detailed data collection protocols and recommendations for TLS, UAV-LS, and plot census measurements for each site, along with requirements for ancillary data to enable integration with ALS data (where possible) and upscaling to EO estimates. We outline the requirements and challenges for field data collection for each data type and discuss the practical considerations for establishing new FBRMS or upgrading existing sites to FBRMS standard, including insights into the associated costs and benefits.

As the global economic crisis continues to cause damage, some policy makers have called for a more Keynesian approach to current economic problems. In this book, the economists Peter Temin and David Vines provide an accessible introduction to Keynesian ideas that connects Keynes's insights to today's global economy and offers readers a way to understand current policy debates.John Maynard Keynes (1883--1946) created the branch of economics now known as macroeconomics. He played a major role in the reconstruction of Europe and the world economy after the Second World War. Keynesian economics came to be identified with efforts to mitigate the Great Depression and with postwar economic policies that helped power a golden age of economic growth. Temin and Vines argue that Keynes also provided a way to understand the interactions among nations, and therein lies his relevance for today's global crisis. Temin and Vines survey economic thinking before Keynes and explain how difficult it was for Keynes to escape from conventional wisdom. They set out the Keynesian analysis of a closed economy and expand the analysis to the international economy, using a few simple graphs to present Keynes's formal analyses in an accessible way. They discuss problems of today's world economy, showcasing the usefulness of a simple Keynesian approach to current economic policy choices. Keynesian ideas, they argue, can lay the basis for a return to economic growth.

The lowering of oil prices due to the economic downturn has provided a little respite from the spiraling cost of domestic heating. Eighteen months ago, considerable pain was being inflicted on rural households not on the mains gas network using kerosene and LPG for their heating. Frankly, the only player in town is the Carbon Emission Reduction Target (Cert) program, which thankfully has been extended with an enhancement to 2012. The next new initiative on the horizon for the country is the Renewable Heat Incentive Levy, commencing in 2011 and to be administered by Ofgem. The incentive is to switch to renewable energy to avoid paying a new carbon tax on fossil supply.

The environment of a comet is a fascinating and unique laboratory to study plasma processes and the formation of structures such as shocks and discontinuities from electron scales to ion scales and above. The European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission collected data for more than two years, from the rendezvous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in August 2014 until the final touch-down of the spacecraft end of September 2016. This escort phase spanned a large arc of the comet’s orbit around the Sun, including its perihelion and corresponding to heliocentric distances between 3.8 AU and 1.24 AU. The length of the active mission together with this span in heliocentric and cometocentric distances make the Rosetta data set unique and much richer than sets obtained with previous cometary probes. Here, we review the results from the Rosetta mission that pertain to the plasma environment. We detail all known sources and losses of the plasma and typical processes within it. The findings from in-situ plasma measurements are complemented by remote observations of emissions from the plasma. Overviews of the methods and instruments used in the study are given as well as a short review of the Rosetta mission. The long duration of the Rosetta mission provides the opportunity to better understand how the importance of these processes changes depending on parameters like the outgassing rate and the solar wind conditions. We discuss how the shape and existence of large scale structures depend on these parameters and how the plasma within different regions of the plasma environment can be characterised. We end with a non-exhaustive list of still open questions, as well as suggestions on how to answer them in the future.

Nageotte nodules, first described in 1922 by Jean Nageotte, are clusters of non-neuronal cells that form after sensory neuron death. Despite their historical recognition, little is known about their molecular identity nor their involvement in neuropathies that involve neuronal loss like diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In this study, we molecularly characterize Nageotte nodules in dorsal root ganglia recovered from organ donors with DPN. Here we show that Nageotte nodules are abundant in DPN sensory ganglia and account for 25% of all neurons. Peripherin-and Nav1.7-positive dystrophic axons invade Nageotte nodules, forming small neuroma-like structures. Using histology and spatial sequencing, we demonstrate that Nageotte nodules are mainly composed of satellite glia and non-myelinating Schwann cells that express SPP1 and are intertwined with sprouting sensory axons originating from neighboring neurons. Our findings suggest that Nageotte nodules are an integral feature of dorsal root ganglion neurodegeneration, providing potential therapeutic targets for sensory neuron protection and pain management in DPN. Nageotte nodules in the dorsal root ganglia were first described 100 years ago, but little is known about them. Here, the authors link Nageotte nodules to neurodegeneration in diabetic neuropathy in humans and describe their molecular composition.