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"Vinod"
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India and the nuclear non-proliferation regime : the perennial outlier
\"The book is a comprehensive study of India's relationship with the non-proliferation regime, and its transformative evolution from a perennial outlier to one seeking greater integration with the regime and its normative structures. The highlight of this study is its incisive conceptual analysis of the regime as a functional system and its structural complexities, which brings forth new insights on the regime's core ideas like non-proliferation and counter-proliferation. The book also provides an extensive non-Western narrative on the concept of counter-proliferation and its conceivable role and influence in the regime. It breaks new ground in explaining India's quest for an anti-proliferation strategy, which could determine its status and future in the emerging global nuclear order. It will be a substantial contribution to the literature on India's approach towards non-proliferation, counter-proliferation and disarmament, and will enhance the understanding of the impact of the regime's normative structures on India's nuclear decisions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Nature inspired meta heuristic algorithms for optimization problems
Optimization and decision making problems in various fields of engineering have a major impact in this current era. Processing time and utilizing memory is very high for the currently available data. This is due to its size and the need for scaling from zettabyte to yottabyte. Some problems need to find solutions and there are other types of issues that need to improve their current best solution. Modelling and implementing a new heuristic algorithm may be time consuming but has some strong primary motivation - like a minimal improvement in the solution itself can reduce the computational cost. The solution thus obtained was better. In both these situations, designing heuristics and meta-heuristics algorithm has proved it’s worth. Hyper heuristic solutions will be needed to compute solutions in a much better time and space complexities. It creates a solution by combining heuristics to generate automated search space from which generalized solutions can be tuned out. This paper provides in-depth knowledge on nature-inspired computing models, meta-heuristic models, hybrid meta heuristic models and hyper heuristic model. This work’s major contribution is on building a hyper heuristics approach from a meta-heuristic algorithm for any general problem domain. Various traditional algorithms and new generation meta heuristic algorithms has also been explained for giving readers a better understanding.
Journal Article
The role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function
Systems neuroscience approaches with a focus on large-scale brain organization and network analysis are advancing foundational knowledge of how cognitive control processes are implemented in the brain. Over the past decade, technological and computational innovations in the study of brain connectivity have led to advances in our understanding of how brain networks function, inspiring new conceptualizations of the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) networks in the coordination of cognitive control. In this review, we describe six key PFC networks involved in cognitive control and elucidate key principles relevant for understanding how these networks implement cognitive control. Implementation of cognitive control in a constantly changing environment depends on the dynamic and flexible organization of PFC networks. In this context, we describe major empirical and theoretical models that have emerged in recent years and describe how their functional architecture and dynamic organization supports flexible cognitive control. We take an overarching view of advances made in the past few decades and consider fundamental issues regarding PFC network function, global brain dynamics, and cognition that still need to be resolved. We conclude by clarifying important future directions for research on cognitive control and their implications for advancing our understanding of PFC networks in brain disorders.
Journal Article
Nanosensors : physical, chemical, and biological
\"Because many chemical, biological, and physical sensors depend on interactions occurring at the nanoscale, the impact of nanotechnology on the sensor world is significant. Addressing research areas and challenges, this book describes nanosensor development from the viewpoints of materials, device structures, and functionalities. It starts from preliminary ideas and proceeds to state-of-the-art nanosensors. The book provides readers with information on the current state of nanotechnology-enabled sensors as well as their advantages, uniqueness, and limitations. It also indicates future research directions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A novel Zika virus mouse model reveals strain specific differences in virus pathogenesis and host inflammatory immune responses
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito borne flavivirus, which was a neglected tropical pathogen until it emerged and spread across the Pacific Area and the Americas, causing large human outbreaks associated with fetal abnormalities and neurological disease in adults. The factors that contributed to the emergence, spread and change in pathogenesis of ZIKV are not understood. We previously reported that ZIKV evades cellular antiviral responses by targeting STAT2 for degradation in human cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Stat2-/- mice are highly susceptible to ZIKV infection, recapitulate virus spread to the central nervous system (CNS), gonads and other visceral organs, and display neurological symptoms. Further, we exploit this model to compare ZIKV pathogenesis caused by a panel of ZIKV strains of a range of spatiotemporal history of isolation and representing African and Asian lineages. We observed that African ZIKV strains induce short episodes of severe neurological symptoms followed by lethality. In comparison, Asian strains manifest prolonged signs of neuronal malfunctions, occasionally causing death of the Stat2-/- mice. African ZIKV strains induced higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and markers associated with cellular infiltration in the infected brain in mice, which may explain exacerbated pathogenesis in comparison to those of the Asian lineage. Interestingly, viral RNA levels in different organs did not correlate with the pathogenicity of the different strains. Taken together, we have established a new murine model that supports ZIKV infection and demonstrate its utility in highlighting intrinsic differences in the inflammatory response induced by different ZIKV strains leading to severity of disease. This study paves the way for the future interrogation of strain-specific changes in the ZIKV genome and their contribution to viral pathogenesis.
Journal Article
Cascaded 3D UNet architecture for segmenting the COVID-19 infection from lung CT volume
World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) as pandemic on March 11, 2020. Ever since then, the virus is undergoing different mutations, with a high rate of dissemination. The diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 are critical in bringing the situation under control. COVID-19 virus replicates in the lungs after entering the upper respiratory system, causing pneumonia and mortality. Deep learning has a significant role in detecting infections from the Computed Tomography (CT). With the help of basic image processing techniques and deep learning, we have developed a two stage cascaded 3D UNet to segment the contaminated area from the lungs. The first 3D UNet extracts the lung parenchyma from the CT volume input after preprocessing and augmentation. Since the CT volume is small, we apply appropriate post-processing to the lung parenchyma and input these volumes into the second 3D UNet. The second 3D UNet extracts the infected 3D volumes. With this method, clinicians can input the complete CT volume of the patient and analyze the contaminated area without having to label the lung parenchyma for each new patient. For lung parenchyma segmentation, the proposed method obtained a sensitivity of 93.47%, specificity of 98.64%, an accuracy of 98.07%, and a dice score of 92.46%. We have achieved a sensitivity of 83.33%, a specificity of 99.84%, an accuracy of 99.20%, and a dice score of 82% for lung infection segmentation.
Journal Article
Liberal Protectionism
What does organized trade portend for the future of the post-World
War II trading order? Are we seeing a transition from liberalism to
protectionism? These questions are central to Vinod K. Aggarwal's
penetrating analysis of conflict and cooperation in trade among
developed and less developed countries. In his examination of the
evolution of organized trade, Aggarwal specifically analyses
international regimes in textile and apparel trade. The author uses
an original theoretical approach to investigate international
regimes. Why are regimes desirable? Aggarwal shows how such accords
can protect broader arrangements, allow countries to control one
another's behavior, and minimize information and organization costs
in negotiations. Several factors account for the form of regimes.
The strength of regimes is enhanced by an asymmetry of
international power. A hegemon is more willing and able to maintain
a regime. Both the nature and scope of regimes are determined by
the relative degree of trade competition and cognitive consensus
among actors. As trade competition increases, and actors decide to
link related issues, regimes become more protectionist in their
goals and wider in their coverage. Aggarwal's theory successfully
accounts for the transformation of international regimes in textile
trade, demonstrating the importance of systematically incorporating
international level factors into our theories. His empirical work
is based on extensive archival research and interviews with key
negotiators. Aggarwal concludes that the pattern of international
cooperation which evolved in textile trade provides a portrait of
the future for trade in other industrial sectors. He finds the
trend of arrangements in textile trade disturbing and argues that
organized trade will not prevent-and may in fact promote a slide
from liberalism to protectionism. Regimes originally developed to
counter protectionism may evolve into systems of organized
protection that encourage neither efficiency nor equity. A lucid
analysis of recent historical developments in textile trade, this
study sheds light on the movement toward increasing protection in
other sectors of trade as well. It is a significant work that will
prove valuable to those who study international trade and regimes.
This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program,
which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek
out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach,
and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices
Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship
accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title
was originally published in 1986.
eBook