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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are the major cause of colibacillosis in poultry production. In this study, a total of 22 E. coli isolated from colibacillosis field cases and 10 avian faecal E. coli (AFEC) were analysed. All strains were characterised phenotypically by susceptibility testing and molecular typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The presence of 29 virulence genes associated to APEC and human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) was also evaluated. For cephalosporin resistant isolates, cephalosporin resistance genes, plasmid location and replicon typing was assessed. Avian isolates belonged to 26 O:H serotypes and 24 sequence types. Out of 22 APEC isolates, 91% contained the virulence genes predictors of APEC; iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN and ompT. Of all strains, 34% were considered ExPEC. PFGE analysis demonstrated a high degree of genetic polymorphism. All strains were multi-resistant, including those isolated from healthy animals. Eleven strains were resistant to cephalosporins; six contained blaCTX-M-14, two blaSHV-12, two blaCMY-2 and one blaSHV-2. Two strains harboured qnrA, and two qnrA together with aac(6')-Ib-cr. Additionally, the emergent clone O25b:H4-B2-ST131 was isolated from a healthy animal which harboured blaCMY-2 and qnrS genes. Cephalosporin resistant genes were mainly associated to the presence of IncK replicons. This study demonstrates a very diverse population of multi-drug resistant E. coli containing a high number of virulent genes. The E. coli population among broilers is a reservoir of resistance and virulence-associated genes that could be transmitted into the community through the food chain. More epidemiological studies are necessary to identify clonal groups and resistance mechanisms with potential relevance to public health.

There is growing concern about the spreading of human microorganisms in relatively untouched ecosystems such as the Antarctic region. For this reason, three pinniped species ( Leptonychotes weddellii , Mirounga leonina and Arctocephalus gazella ) from the west coast of the Antartic Peninsula were analysed for the presence of Escherichia spp. with the recovery of 158 E . coli and three E . albertii isolates. From those, 23 harboured different eae variants (α1, β1, β2, ε1, θ1, κ, ο), including a bfpA -positive isolate (O49:H10-A-ST206, eae -k) classified as typical enteropathogenic E . coli . Noteworthy, 62 of the 158 E . coli isolates (39.2%) exhibited the ExPEC status and 27 (17.1%) belonged to sequence types (ST) frequently occurring among urinary/bacteremia ExPEC clones: ST12, ST73, ST95, ST131 and ST141. We found similarities >85% within the PFGE-macrorrestriction profiles of pinniped and human clinic O2:H6-B2-ST141 and O16:H5/O25b:H4-B2-ST131 isolates. The in silico analysis of ST131 Cplx genomes from the three pinnipeds (five O25:H4-ST131/PST43- fimH 22-virotype D; one O16:H5-ST131/PST506- fimH 41; one O25:H4-ST6252/PST9- fimH 22-virotype D1) identified IncF and IncI1 plasmids and revealed high core-genome similarities between pinniped and human isolates ( H 22 and H 41 subclones). This is the first study to demonstrate the worrisome presence of human-associated E . coli clonal groups, including ST131, in Antarctic pinnipeds.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are the major cause of colibacillosis in poultry production. In this study, a total of 22 E. coli isolated from colibacillosis field cases and 10 avian faecal E. coli (AFEC) were analysed. All strains were characterised phenotypically by susceptibility testing and molecular typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The presence of 29 virulence genes associated to APEC and human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) was also evaluated. For cephalosporin resistant isolates, cephalosporin resistance genes, plasmid location and replicon typing was assessed. Avian isolates belonged to 26 O:H serotypes and 24 sequence types. Out of 22 APEC isolates, 91% contained the virulence genes predictors of APEC; iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN and ompT. Of all strains, 34% were considered ExPEC. PFGE analysis demonstrated a high degree of genetic polymorphism. All strains were multi-resistant, including those isolated from healthy animals. Eleven strains were resistant to cephalosporins; six contained blaCTX-M-14, two blaSHV-12, two blaCMY-2 and one blaSHV-2. Two strains harboured qnrA, and two qnrA together with aac(6')-Ib-cr. Additionally, the emergent clone O25b:H4-B2-ST131 was isolated from a healthy animal which harboured blaCMY-2 and qnrS genes. Cephalosporin resistant genes were mainly associated to the presence of IncK replicons. This study demonstrates a very diverse population of multi-drug resistant E. coli containing a high number of virulent genes. The E. coli population among broilers is a reservoir of resistance and virulence-associated genes that could be transmitted into the community through the food chain. More epidemiological studies are necessary to identify clonal groups and resistance mechanisms with potential relevance to public health.

El análisis de los errores espontáneos del habla ha sido, desde antiguo, uno de los principales métodos de estudio de los diferentes procesos implicados en la producción del lenguaje. Son muy numerosos los trabajos publicados al respecto; disponemos ya de amplias colecciones de lapsus en diversos idiomas -incluidas, entre nosotros, dos en castellano y una, en \"formación\", en catalán-. Los estudiantes de asignaturas como Psicolingüistica, Psicologia del Lenguaje, Pensarniento y Lenguaje, etc. de diversas universidades españolas suelen realizar cada año alguna práctica sobre esos errores que cometemos al hablar... Sin embargo, no se ha hecho hasta ahora, al menos en nuestro país y al menos según nuestro conocimiento, una presentación sistemática, general y amplia de este ámbito de trabajo, donde se muestren las sorprendentes regularidades que presentan los errores, usí como el alcance y las limitaciones, la potencia y puntos débiles de esta forma de investigación. Ese es, pues, el objetivo de este articulo, acompañado de la presentación de nuestro corpus de errores en castellano.

An investigation of the relationships between the processes of lexical retrieval & phonological encoding in sentence production using data from a Spanish corpus of spontaneous speech errors. Particularly important is the question of the autonomy of phonological encoding, considering both the sensitivity of sublexical errors to lexical bias & the effect of phonological constraints on lexical errors. The analysis of spontaneous slips of the tongue in Spanish provides evidence for the relative autonomy of the lexical retrieval & phonological encoding levels in sentence production. Emphasis is placed on evidence from the dissociation of meaning & form in lexical retrieval & the lack of positive feedback from phonological encoding to the level of lexical representation. These findings are reviewed in the context of two alternative explanations of language production processes: the interactive activation model & the structural processing-stages model. 1 Table, 2 Figures, 32 References. Adapted from the source document

A sample of 753 cases of slips of the tongue drawn from a larger corpus of 3,500 in Spanish is analyzed. The items examined were those that could be clearly assigned to categories of anticipation, perseveration, exchange, & shift. The analysis was based on two error units - lexical & sublexical. Dimensions taken into account were the degree of correspondence between source & target, & the distance between source & target in the speech stream, as measured in linguistic units. Parameters of correspondence included number of distinctive phonological features, position of the segment in the syllable, position of the syllable in the word, stress value of the syllable, stress pattern of the word, length of the word in syllables, & grammatical category of the word. Linguistic units of distance were syllable, word, phrase, & clause. Errors at syntactic, morphosyntactic, & phonological levels are examined. Different patterns of regularity were noted as a function of the kind of linguistic unit involved (lexical vs sublexical). It is suggested that the planning level for lexical units may extend over one or two clauses, whereas errors in sublexical units appear to arise at a lower planning level. 6 Tables, 22 References. B. Annesser Murray