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"Vizard, Polly"
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Child Poverty Amongst Young Carers in the UK: Prevalence and Trends in the Wake of the Financial Crisis, Economic Downturn and Onset of Austerity
The article provides the first estimates of prevalence and trends in child poverty amongst young carers aged 5–19 in the UK using specialized income data from the Family Resources Survey / the Households Below Average Income Survey. Looking across four key indicators, we find that child poverty rates were higher amongst young carers than other children based on 3 years pooled data for 2013/14–2015/16. The differences in the prevalence of child poverty amongst young carers and other children are statistically significant in relation to two indicators (anchored low income before housing costs, and a combined measure of low income and material deprivation). Young carers also appear to have fared worse than other children in terms of trends in child poverty outcomes over the period that coincided with the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity. Amongst young carers, there was a statistically significant increase in relative low income after housing costs of nine percentage points (from 24 to 33%) between 2005/07 and 2013/15. This compares with a two percentage point decline amongst other children. Multivariate findings confirm that trends in child poverty outcomes amongst young carers were highly differentiated from those of other children and that the association between child poverty and young caring status strengthened over the period under observation. Multivariate analysis further suggests that the increases in child poverty rates amongst young carers were not driven by purely “compositional” factors relating to demographic characteristics of the households in which young carers live and that labour market factors are particularly important in explaining the trends that are observed. Overall, the findings from the study raise concerns that young carers were disproportionately impacted by the patterns of stagnating real income and declining income from employment that characterized the period following the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity, whilst underlining the importance of housing costs as a factor in child poverty amongst young carers, and raising important questions regarding the ongoing effectiveness of social protection for this group.
Journal Article
Older people's experiences of dignity and support with eating during hospital stays: analytical framework, policies and outcomes
There is growing recognition of the importance of dignity and support with eating as markers of high-quality and older-person-centred hospital services. We use data on these markers from the national Adult Inpatient Survey for England to build up statistical evidence on older people's experiences. We find that poor and inconsistent experiences of being treated with dignity and respect, and of receiving support with eating, affect a substantial proportion of inpatients across the vast majority of acute hospital trusts. There has been remarkably little change over time, although small improvements provide some grounds for optimism relating to policy developments in the period following the Francis Inquiry. Amongst people over 65, the prevalence of inconsistent and poor experiences of dignity and support with eating was higher amongst the ‘oldest of the old’ (inpatients aged over 80), individuals who experience a long-standing limiting illness or disability, and women. The highest rates of prevalence were observed amongst disabled women over 80. Perceptions of inadequate nursing quantity and quality, and lack of choice of food, stand out from logistic regression analysis as having consistent, large associations with lack of support with eating. These factors provide potential policy levers since they are within the control of hospitals to a certain extent. In drawing lessons from our analysis for inspection, regulation and monitoring, we highlight the importance of inequalities analysis – including systematic disaggregation and separate identification of at risk sub-groups (e.g. older disabled women) – rather than relying on a ‘population average approach’.
Journal Article
Poverty and human rights : Sen's 'capability perspective' explored
According to Mary Robinson, former United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights, ‘poverty itself is a violation of numerous basic human rights’. The idea that freedom from poverty is a basic human right that gives rise to moral and legal obligations of governments and other actors has received increased international attention in recent years. Robinson has pushed the international agenda on poverty and human rights forward by characterising extreme poverty as one of the key human rights problems that the world faces. The recognition of poverty as a human rights issue is also increasingly reflected in the work of international organisations such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and of campaigning organisations such as Oxfam, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International. This book analyses the importance of the work of Amartya Sen for contemporary debates about poverty and human rights. The book provides an analysis of Sen's contributions and examines the ways in which his work has promoted cross-fertilisation and integration across traditional disciplinary divides. It demonstrates that Sen has made a major contribution to the development of an ‘interdisciplinary bridge’ between human rights and theoretical and empirical economics, and to the establishment of poverty as a human rights issue. The book demonstrates that Sen's work has deepened and expanded human rights discourse in important and influential ways. In ethics, Sen is shown to have challenged the exclusion of poverty, hunger, and starvation from the characterisation of fundamental freedoms and human rights.
eBook
The Children’s Measurement Framework: A new Indicator-Based Tool for Monitoring Children’s Equality and Human Rights
The Children’s Measurement Framework (CMF) is a new indicator-based tool for monitoring children’s equality and human rights in Britain. The article provides a conceptual and methodological overview of the CMF and presents initial findings against a subset of indicators. We begin by locating the CMF within the growing body of research that uses statistical indicators to monitor child well-being; and by considering the Framework’s conceptual and methodological positioning in the light of the broader themes discussed in the broader literature on child indicators. The theoretical underpinnings of the CMF in Sen's capability approach are next explored. The CMF indicator set, comprising 50 statistical indicators for monitoring children's equality and human rights across 10 critical domains, is described. Finally, illustrations of CMF indicators are provided for the life, health, education and physical security domains drawing on a range of administrative and social survey data sources.
Journal Article
Developing an indicator-based framework for monitoring older people's human rights: key findings for Peru, Mozambique and Kyrgyzstan
This project was commissioned by HelpAge International as a basis for broader efforts to develop an indicator-based system for monitoring older people's human rights in different countries across the world. The project has three key aims, 1) to develop an indicator-based system for monitoring older people's human rights, based on the good practice model published by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 2) to develop a social survey instrument that can be used to build up evidence against the indicators on a country by country basis. 3) to present findings based on the survey data for Peru, Mozambique and Kyrgyzstan. A particular priority has been to address existing research and evidence gaps by extending knowledge and understanding of the outcomes of older people across a range of critical areas of life (or \"domains\"), including in relation to multidimensional deprivation, discrimination, neglect, maltreatment and abuse. Internationally, there is also a paucity of data on older people's outcomes that is disaggregated by narrow age band and by characteristics such as gender, disability status, ethnic group and area type (urban / rural). Another key priority has been to begin to build up an evidence base of disaggregated data of this type. In this research report, we set out the indicator-based system that has been developed to meet these aims (the HelpAge panel on the human rights of older people) together with details of the social survey instrument that has been developed in order to build up an evidence base against the indicators (the HelpAge survey on the human rights of older people). The survey was fielded in Peru, Mozambique and Kyrgyzstan during the course of 2012 and key findings based on the survey for these countries are also reported.
Paper
Child poverty amongst young carers in the UK: prevalence and trends in the wake of the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity
The article provides the first estimates of prevalence and trends in child poverty amongst young carers aged 5–19 in the UK using specialized income data from the Family Resources Survey / theHouseholds BelowAverage Income Survey. Looking across four key indicators, we find that child poverty rates were higher amongst young carers than other children based on 3 years pooled data for 2013/14–2015/16. The differences in the prevalence of child poverty amongst young carers and other children are statistically significant in relation to two indicators (anchored low income before housing costs, and a combined measure of low income and material deprivation). Young carers also appear to have fared worse than other children in terms of trends in child poverty outcomes over the period that coincided with the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity. Amongst young carers, there was a statistically significant increase in relative low income after housing costs of nine percentage points (from 24 to 33%) between 2005/07 and 2013/15. This compares with a two percentage point decline amongst other children. Multivariate findings confirm that trends in child poverty outcomes amongst young carers were highly differentiated from those of other children and that the association between child poverty and young caring status strengthened over the period under observation. Multivariate analysis further suggests that the increases in child poverty rates amongst young carers were not driven by purely “compositional” factors relating to demographic characteristics of the households in which young carers live and that labour market factors are particularly important in explaining the trends that are observed. Overall, the findings from the study raise concerns that young carers were disproportionately impacted by the patterns of stagnating real income and declining income from employment that characterized the period following the financial crisis, economic downturn and on
Paper
The Coalition's Record on Health: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 2010-2015
David Cameron promised in 2010 to \"cut the deficit, not the NHS\". But how have the Coalition's policies - including health reforms which are widely viewed as going beyond election commitments - impacted on health?
Paper