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"Vogel, Colin"
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Assessment of the unnecessary suffering offence
In a Queen's Bench Division of the High Court Administrative Court consideration of a request for judicial review of aspects of a Crown Court Aylesbury decision in the case RSPCA v Gray and Gray, Lord Justice Toulson ruled that the judge was right to take the view that the language of the 1911 Act and authorities as to its construction were irrelevant to the construction of section 4 of the 2006 Animal Welfare Act.
Journal Article
Owners' perceptions of their dogs
Vets will be familiar with people who have anorexia or bulimia nervosa, and do not see themselves as being as thin as others do.
Journal Article
Paternal emotional availability and relatedness in toddler sons
This study carries forward the exploration of emotional transaction within the caregiving dyad by investigating the particular expression of emotional availability in the father-toddler son relationship. The purpose of the study was to determine whether a specific style of emotional availability, which has been found to foster development of a personal model of closeness and relatedness within same-sex, mother-toddler daughter dyads (Robinson, Little, & Biringen, 1993), is present as well in the father-toddler son relationship. Thirty fathers and firstborn 24-month-old sons were videotaped in their homes during semistructured play. The subjects were rated on dimensions of emotional availability and shared and nonshared affect displays. As predicted, the pattern of emotional communication within more emotionally available dyads promoted relatedness in toddler sons. Contrary to expectation, however, more emotionally available fathers, unlike more emotionally available mothers, promoted relatedness through a constellation of variables grouped around their structuring and positiveness rather than their sensitivity. While the data support the notion that relatedness in toddlers is promoted in the context of an emotionally available relation with the same-sex caregiver, there was evidence suggesting that autonomy is also promoted in the more emotionally available father-toddler son relationship. This contradicts developmental and psychoanalytic models that construe autonomy and relatedness in mutually exclusive terms (Freud, 1916; Gilligan, 1982; Miller, 1987).
Dissertation
Advancing social and economic development by investing in women's and children's health: a new Global Investment Framework
A new Global Investment Framework for Women's and Children's Health demonstrates how investment in women's and children's health will secure high health, social, and economic returns. We costed health systems strengthening and six investment packages for: maternal and newborn health, child health, immunisation, family planning, HIV/AIDS, and malaria. Nutrition is a cross-cutting theme. We then used simulation modelling to estimate the health and socioeconomic returns of these investments. Increasing health expenditure by just $5 per person per year up to 2035 in 74 high-burden countries could yield up to nine times that value in economic and social benefits. These returns include greater gross domestic product (GDP) growth through improved productivity, and prevention of the needless deaths of 147 million children, 32 million stillbirths, and 5 million women by 2035. These gains could be achieved by an additional investment of $30 billion per year, equivalent to a 2% increase above current spending.
Journal Article
Is intracranial volume a suitable proxy for brain reserve?
Background
Brain reserve is a concept introduced to explain why Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients with a greater brain volume prior to onset of pathology generally have better clinical outcomes. In this review, we provide a historical background of the emergence of brain reserve and discuss several aspects that need further clarification, including the dynamic or static nature of the concept and its underlying mechanisms and clinical effect. We then describe how brain reserve has been operationalized over the years, and critically evaluate the use of intracranial volume (ICV) as the most widely used proxy for brain reserve. Furthermore, we perform a meta-analysis showing that ICV is associated with higher cognitive performance after adjusting for the presence and amount of pathology. Although we acknowledge its imperfections, we conclude that the use of ICV as a proxy for brain reserve is currently warranted. However, further development of more optimal measures of brain reserve as well as a more clearly defined theoretical framework is essential.
Journal Article
The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits
Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel;
P
< 5 × 10
−8
), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution.
A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.
Journal Article
Fossil evidence for trait diversification in an adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation is an important process for the origin of functional and ecological biodiversity. Understanding how, when, and why adaptive radiations occur is a long-standing interest in evolutionary ecology. Although many adaptive radiations have been studied, few studies resolved the temporal sequence of events during adaptive radiation. Here, we assembled a continuous record of tooth fossils of Lake Victoria’s haplochromine cichlid fish, the most rapid and youngest of the classical adaptive radiations, from sediment cores extending from lake refilling ~ 17 thousand years ago to the present. We use these fossil records to reconstruct ecomorphological temporal patterns in the unfolding of this adaptive radiation. Our results reveal a rapid expansion in morphospace, from an undiverse ancestral condition, within the first three millennia after the onset of the modern lake. Comparison with modern cichlid teeth suggests that large-scale diversification across the food web emerged within these first three millennia. We detect a clear signal of an evolutionary trend from trophic generalists to specialists, but we also show that generalists persisted amid the growing radiation of specialists. Altogether, this pattern confirms the unusual evolutionary potential of the Lake Victoria hybrid lineage of haplochromine cichlids that seeded the radiation and the unusual speed with which the adaptive radiation occurred.
Journal Article
Integrity and Collaboration in Dynamic Sensor Networks
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) deliver absolute position and velocity, as well as time information (P, V, T). However, in urban areas, the GNSS navigation performance is restricted due to signal obstructions and multipath. This is especially true for applications dealing with highly automatic or even autonomous driving. Subsequently, multi-sensor platforms including laser scanners and cameras, as well as map data are used to enhance the navigation performance, namely in accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability. Although well-established procedures for integrity monitoring exist for aircraft navigation, for sensors and fusion algorithms used in automotive navigation, these concepts are still lacking. The research training group i.c.sens, integrity and collaboration in dynamic sensor networks, aims to fill this gap and to contribute to relevant topics. This includes the definition of alternative integrity concepts for space and time based on set theory and interval mathematics, establishing new types of maps that report on the trustworthiness of the represented information, as well as taking advantage of collaboration by improved filters incorporating person and object tracking. In this paper, we describe our approach and summarize the preliminary results.
Journal Article
Is intracranial volume a suitable proxy for brain reserve? Rik Ossenkoppele
Background: Brain reserve is a concept introduced to explain why Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with a greater brain volume prior to onset of pathology generally have better clinical outcomes. In this review, we provide a historical background of the emergence of brain reserve and discuss several aspects that need further clarification, including the dynamic or static nature of the concept and its underlying mechanisms and clinical effect. We then describe how brain reserve has been operationalized over the years, and critically evaluate the use of intracranial volume (ICV) as the most widely used proxy for brain reserve. Furthermore, we perform a meta-analysis showing that ICV is associated with higher cognitive performance after adjusting for the presence and amount of pathology. Although we acknowledge its imperfections, we conclude that the use of ICV as a proxy for brain reserve is currently warranted. However, further development of more optimal measures of brain reserve as well as a more clearly defined theoretical framework is essential.
Journal Article